Integration of low-carbon hydrogen value chains for hard-to-decarbonise sectors with wider energy systems: Whole-systems modelling and optimisation

将难以脱碳行业的低碳氢价值链与更广泛的能源系统整合：全系统建模和优化

• 批准号: EP/W033275/1
• 负责人: Sheila Samsatli
• 金额: $ 31.73万
• 依托单位: Energy Systems Catapult
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2024
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2024 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FW033275%2F1
• 关键词: Integration; low; carbon; hydrogen; value

Low-carbon hydrogen has a crucial part to play in the UK's transition to net zero by 2050, complementing renewable electricity, and providing an alternative low-carbon energy source for sectors that are difficult to decarbonise. To kickstart a thriving low-carbon hydrogen economy, the UK Government has set a target capacity of 5 GW of hydrogen by 2030. This will require a rapid and large-scale deployment of generation capacity, infrastructures to support the delivery of the hydrogen to its end uses, and growing its demands. Switching energy-intensive industries to low-carbon hydrogen could help accelerate its uptake and provide a reliable demand to entice producers into the market. This is also the largest opportunity for reducing CO2 emissions: per tonne of hydrogen used, heavy industry can abate about 4 times as much CO2 as other sectors. Once the market has been established, this could trickle down to other sectors, such as heating in buildings and transport, particularly long distance and heavy duty, where battery vehicles are not well suited, helping to progress the UK towards net zero.Switching energy-intensive industries to hydrogen is an effective way of integrating hydrogen into the whole energy system. This project will investigate how this can be done: what the system requirements are as well as the benefits and impacts of doing so. First, we will understand how energy-intensive industries will perform technically, economically and environmentally if they switch to hydrogen, using steelmaking as an exemplar with a process known as Direct Reduction of Iron combined with Electric Arc Furnace, by building high-fidelity mathematical models of these processes. These will be compared with other decarbonisation options for steelmaking, such as efficiency improvements, retrofitting with carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies, and using alternative reductants and fuels such as biomass.We will then explore the implications of integrating these processes and the value chains for supplying low-carbon hydrogen into the wider energy system. This requires a whole-system modelling approach that uses optimisation for the planning, design and operation of the overall system. The model includes a representation of the possible technologies, infrastructures and resources, and determines the optimal combination of these (what technologies and infrastructures to deploy, where and when, and how to operate them over time) in order to satisfy the demands for energy services and products, while satisfying constraints (e.g. environmental), to minimise an overall performance criterion (e.g. total costs or GHG emissions). We will use the whole-system model to answer the following questions.1. Can sufficient low-carbon hydrogen be produced in the UK for the steel industry? What is the optimal mix of green and blue hydrogen to minimise costs and environmental impacts? How much renewable energy will be needed?2. How to ramp up demands in low-carbon hydrogen and what are the roles that technologies could play in achieving the levels of production needed to meet the targets? How will the hydrogen value chains develop and expand?3. Once the energy-intensive industries, such as steel, have been decarbonised using hydrogen, which sectors should be decarbonised next?4. What are the impacts on the electricity network and the wider energy system? How much energy storage capacity will be needed and in what form?5. What are the costs and benefits of developing highly integrated industrial clusters from the start, and expanding the network by building more clusters and linking them, as opposed to developing less-integrated networks nationally and then gradually increasing their integration?6. What market frameworks and policies can be put in place to ensure that steel, and other products and energy services, produced from low-carbon hydrogen will be economically competitive, locally and internationally?

低碳氢在英国到2050年向净零排放过渡的过程中发挥着至关重要的作用，它是可再生电力的补充，并为难以脱碳的行业提供一种替代的低碳能源。为了启动蓬勃发展的低碳氢经济，英国政府设定了到2030年氢的目标容量为5吉瓦。这将需要快速大规模地部署发电能力，支持将氢气输送到最终用途的基础设施，以及不断增长的需求。将能源密集型工业转向低碳氢可以帮助加速其吸收，并为吸引生产商进入市场提供可靠的需求。这也是减少二氧化碳排放的最大机会：每使用一吨氢气，重工业可以减少的二氧化碳是其他部门的四倍左右。一旦市场建立起来，这可能会渗透到其他领域，比如建筑供暖和交通运输，特别是长途和重型运输，这些领域的电池汽车不太适合，这有助于英国向净零排放迈进。能源密集型产业向氢转型是将氢融入整个能源体系的有效途径。这个项目将研究如何做到这一点：系统需求是什么，以及这样做的好处和影响。首先，我们将通过建立高保真的数学模型，了解能源密集型行业如果转向氢，将如何在技术上、经济上和环境上表现出来，以炼钢为例，采用电弧炉直接还原铁的工艺。这些将与其他炼钢脱碳方案进行比较，例如提高效率，采用碳捕获、储存和利用技术进行改造，以及使用替代还原剂和生物质等燃料。然后，我们将探讨将这些过程和价值链整合到更广泛的能源系统中以提供低碳氢的影响。这需要一种对整个系统的规划、设计和操作进行优化的全系统建模方法。该模型包括可能的技术、基础设施和资源的表示，并确定这些的最佳组合（部署什么技术和基础设施，何时何地，以及如何随着时间的推移运行它们），以满足对能源服务和产品的需求，同时满足约束（例如环境），以最小化总体性能标准（例如总成本或温室气体排放）。我们将使用全系统模型来回答以下问题。英国能否为钢铁行业生产足够的低碳氢？为了最大限度地降低成本和环境影响，绿色氢和蓝色氢的最佳组合是什么？需要多少可再生能源？如何增加对低碳氢的需求，技术在实现实现目标所需的生产水平方面可以发挥什么作用？氢价值链将如何发展和扩大？3 .一旦钢铁等能源密集型行业已经用氢实现了脱碳，下一步应该对哪些行业进行脱碳？对电网和更广泛的能源系统有什么影响？需要多少能量存储容量，以何种形式存储？从一开始就发展高度整合的产业集群，并通过建立更多的集群和连接来扩大网络，而不是在全国范围内发展整合程度较低的网络，然后逐步提高它们的整合程度，这样做的成本和收益是什么？可以制定哪些市场框架和政策，以确保由低碳氢生产的钢铁和其他产品和能源服务在本地和国际上具有经济竞争力？