Liquid Ammonia Direct Injection (LADI) fundamental physics and modelling of the aero-thermodynamic of transitional atomisation regime

液氨直喷 (LADI) 基础物理和过渡雾化状态的空气热力学建模

• 批准号: EP/X022811/1
• 负责人: Shijie Xu
• 金额: $ 26万
• 依托单位: University of Birmingham
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FX022811%2F1
• 关键词: Liquid; Ammonia; Direct; Injection; LADI

This proposal develops the knowledge and technology for direct injection (DI) of liquid ammonia (LNH3), as green and carbon-free alternative liquid fuel for engine applications. This is a critical step toward the decarbonisation of heavy road transportation and the power production sector. According to the International Energy Association report, LNH3 is considered as "the low hanging fruit" carbon-free hydrogen alternative energy carrier for the following reasons [1]. (1) Mass production and shipping infrastructure of LNH3 is already widely available thanks to its widespread applications in the fertiliser industry; (2) Storage of LNH3, in large quantity, is significantly safer and more economical than hydrogen-compared to hydrogen or natural gas (LNG), ammonia is liquefied at room temperature at 9.90 atm (similar to propane, a fuel with widespread domestic applications); (3) With a very high hydrogen density of kg H2 per 100 litres (even higher than liquid hydrogen), LNH3 is a prime hydrogen carrier. The heating value of LNH3 is lower than fossil fuels, e.g., diesel and gasoline, hence, more fuel is required to produce the same power out. The evolution in DI technology has enabled advanced injection strategies, by which highly precise and modulated multiple injections over an extended period of time allows delivering more fuels while improving the mixture quality by enhancing the evaporation and mixing. Especial emphasis is made on the recent engines developed at MAN and Wärtsilä, companies that are currently commercialising ammonia reciprocating engines for marine applications [2]. Problem: In theory, pure LNH3 DI-engines, as a viable solution for full decarbonisation of power and road transportation sectors, is achievable. However, there are currently technological barriers that prevent the widespread use of LNH3 to completely replace fossil fuels with zero-carbon emission engines. This lays in the following facts: (1) the reactivity of ammonia/air mixtures is very low and quite incompatible with the engine operating conditions; (2) spray of LNH3 is different from fossil fuels and exhibits a highly non-linear and unsteady behaviour which trigger significant combustion instabilities and catastrophic engine failure.In this project, we focus on the second issue by investigating LNH3 sprays in DI-engine applications.

该提案开发了液氨（LNH3）直接喷射（DI）的知识和技术，作为发动机应用的绿色无碳替代液体燃料。这是重型道路运输和电力生产行业脱碳的关键一步。根据国际能源协会的报告，LNH3被认为是“容易实现的”无碳氢替代能源载体，原因如下[1]。 （1）由于LNH3在化肥行业的广泛应用，LNH3的大规模生产和运输基础设施已经广泛使用； (2) 大量储存LNH3比氢气明显更安全、更经济——与氢气或天然气(LNG)相比，氨在室温9.90 atm下液化(类似于国内广泛应用的燃料丙烷)； (3) LNH3具有非常高的氢密度，每100升为kg H2（甚至高于液氢），是主要的氢载体。 LNH3 的热值低于柴油和汽油等化石燃料，因此需要更多的燃料才能产生相同的电力。 DI 技术的发展实现了先进的喷射策略，通过在较长时间内进行高精度和调制的多次喷射，可以输送更多燃料，同时通过增强蒸发和混合来提高混合物质量。特别强调了 MAN 和 Wärtsilä 最近开发的发动机，这两家公司目前正在将用于船舶应用的氨往复式发动机商业化 [2]。问题：理论上，纯 LNH3 DI 发动机作为电力和道路运输行业完全脱碳的可行解决方案是可以实现的。然而，目前存在技术障碍，阻碍LNH3广泛使用以完全替代化石燃料的零碳排放发动机。这是由于以下事实：（1）氨/空气混合物的反应性非常低，并且与发动机的工况非常不相容； (2) LNH3 喷雾与化石燃料不同，表现出高度非线性和不稳定的行为，会引发严重的燃烧不稳定和灾难性的发动机故障。在本项目中，我们通过研究 LNH3 喷雾在 DI 发动机应用中的重点来解决第二个问题。