Dynamics of the solar corona in the era of data intensive observations (DynaSun)

超过90%的可见宇宙以等离子体的形式存在——物质的第四种状态。等离子体物理性质的研究是当今物理学中范围最广、最具挑战性的研究领域之一。从宇宙物体到受控核聚变，这种复杂但基本的物质状态被证明在理解宇宙动力学和利用物质世界以取得最大的技术成果和改善我们的社会方面具有越来越重要的意义。等离子体研究的战略目标与人类面临的全球性挑战有关。一个是生态友好的，实际上是无穷无尽的能源，被认为在磁约束反应堆托卡马克中可以实现的可控聚变反应。托卡马克反应堆的工作体是等离子体。另一个是对地球气候变化的关键因素的理解，即太阳对地球气候的影响。此外，等离子体研究在空间天气中起着核心作用，通过在日球层中运行的物理过程来研究日地关系。在空间探索，例如月球和火星探险，以及天基电信和远程导航系统、能源供应线路和管道的稳定性和安全性方面，这一科学分支正变得越来越重要。最后但并非最不重要的是基本天体物理过程的等离子体物理研究。太阳日冕是其他天体物理物体等离子体行为的展示（“罗塞塔石碑”）。这使得等离子体研究成为物理科学的战略方向之一。尽管宇宙中物质的等离子体状态丰富，但地球上的物理条件不允许我们轻易到达等离子体。实验室等离子体研究的内在困难是成本和等离子体产生和约束的技术问题。这激发了我们对空间等离子体系统的兴趣，比如太阳的大气层，在那里等离子体是自然产生的，可以进行直接的高分辨率研究。太阳等离子体系统被用作天然等离子体实验室，为我们提供了大量的等离子体结构和物理条件。太阳日冕是太阳大气层的上层、完全电离和非常热的部分，对它的研究特别重要，不仅因为它独特的物理状态（高温、高密度、强磁场），这使它接近受控聚变反应堆的条件，而且还因为它与日地关系直接相关，如空间天气和地球气候。日冕研究本身面临着几个关键的挑战，包括了解日冕等离子体加热的机制，能量释放的能量学和物理场景，如耀斑和日冕物质抛射，以及导致它们的物理条件。在提议的研究中，我们解决了与太阳大气中动态现象相关的现代太阳物理学的突出问题，总结如下，并在专用工作包（WP）中进行了描述。连接拟议研究的关键共同主题是磁流体动力学（MHD）波，这是太阳大气动力学的普遍特征，

More than 90% of the visible Universe is in the form of a plasma - the fourth state of matter. The study of physical properties of a plasma forms one of the most far ranging and challenging research areas in physics today. From cosmological objects to controlled fusion, this complex, but fundamental state of matter is proving to be of ever-greater significance in understanding the dynamics of the Universe and in harnessing the material world for the greatest technological result and the improvement of our society.The strategic aims of plasma research relate to the global challenges faced by humankind. One is the ecologically friendly and practically endless source of energy, the controlled fusion reaction that is believed to be achievable in magnetic confinement reactors, tokamaks. The working body in tokamaks reactors is a plasma. Another is the understanding of the key ingredient of the Earth's climate change, the solar effect on the Earth's climate. Also, the plasma research plays the central role in Space Weather, the study of the solar-terrestrial relations through the physical processes operating in the heliosphere. This branch of science is becoming increasingly important in the context of space exploration, e.g., Moon and Mars expeditions, and the stability and safety of space-based telecommunication and tele-navigation systems, energy supply lines and pipelines. Last but not least is the study of plasma physics of fundamental astrophysical processes. The solar corona is a showcase ("Rosetta stone") for plasma behaviour in other astrophysical objects. This makes the plasma research one of the strategic directions of Physical Sciences.Despite of the abundance of the plasma state of matter in the Universe, the physical conditions on the Earth do not allow us to reach the plasma easily. The intrinsic difficulties of the laboratory plasma research are the cost and the technological problems of plasma creation and confinement. This motivates our interest in the space plasma systems, such as the atmosphere of the Sun, where the plasma is naturally created and is open to direct high-resolution study. Solar plasma systems are used as natural plasma laboratory that provide us with a vast variety of plasma configurations and physical conditions. The study of the solar corona, the upper, fully ionised and very hot part of the solar atmosphere, is of particular importance not only because of its unique physical state (high temperature, high density, strong magnetic field), which makes it close to the conditions in controlled fusion reactors, but also because of its direct relevance to solar-terrestrial relations, such as Space Weather and the Earth's climate. Coronal research itself faces several key challenges, including understanding of mechanisms for coronal plasma heating, and energetics and physical scenarios of energy releases such as flares and coronal mass ejections, and the physical conditions leading to them. In the proposed research we address outstanding questions of modern solar physics connected with dynamic phenomena in the solar atmosphere summarised below, and described in dedicated work packages (WP). The key common theme linking the proposed research are magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves which are a ubiquitous feature of solar atmospheric dynamics,