PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF SPEECH DISORDERS

继续研究正常说话者的下颌肌肉协调性 在三维中的简单动作和在复杂动作中 演讲和咀嚼。我们的目标是了解侧向的作用 开口翼旁肌及其与翼肌其他肌肉的协调 人类不同动作的下巴。口腔颌骨疾患的患者 将肌张力障碍与正常进行比较以更好地了解 对于这些患者的异常情况，并改进我们的治疗方法。 言语规划研究中的正常说话人初步分析 暗示演讲是事先计划好的，而不是一个音节 音节基础。现在正在进行正常对照和正常对照之间的比较 帕金森氏病和小脑疾病患者组。 口吃时经常传授呼吸发声的技巧。 心理治疗。我们检查了这种发声的开始或相反的情况 行为，发声时空气流量的突然增加，与 口吃时说话流畅。正常的扬声器更多地使用喘息的音响 在基线测试中，口吃者比口吃者更频繁。然而，没有关系 在口吃者合唱阅读时流利性的变化和 气喘吁吁的发声比例的变化。 在口吃的三个治疗试验中完成了受试者测试 年：肉毒杆菌毒素注射的公开试验，比较单侧和 双侧注射；单侧双盲交叉试验 一个甲状软骨内注射肉毒杆菌毒素 肌肉；双盲交叉试验，比较 克罗米帕曼、地昔帕明和安慰剂治疗口吃 NIMH儿童精神病学分会。

Jaw muscle coordination continues to be studied in normal speakers during simple movements in three dimensions and during complex movements for speech and chewing. Our aim is to understand the role of the lateral pterygoid muscle in jaw opening and in coordination with other muscles of the jaw for different movements in the human. Patients with oromandibular dystonia are being compared with normal to better understand the abnormalities of these patients and to improve our methods of treatment. Preliminary analyses of normal speakers in the study of speech planning suggests that speech is planned in advance and not on a syllable by syllable basis. Comparisons are now ongoing between normal controls and patient groups with Parkinson's disease and cerebellar disease. A breathy voicing onset technique is frequently taught during stuttering therapy. We examined whether this type of voicing onset or its opposing behavior, an abrupt increase in airflow for voice onset, are related to speech fluency in stuttering. Normal speakers used breathy onsets more frequently than stutterers on baseline testing. However, no relationship was found between fluency changes in stutterers with choral reading and change in the proportion of breathy voicing onsets. Subject testing was completed on three treatment trials in stuttering this year: an open trial of botulinum toxin injection comparing unilateral and bilateral injections; a double blind crossover trial of unilateral thyroarytenoid injections of botulinum toxin into one thyroarytenoid muscle; and a double blind cross-over trial comparing the effects of clomipramaine, desipramine and placebo on stuttering in collaboration with the Child Psychiatry branch, NIMH.