PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF SPEECH DISORDERS

喉部肌肉系统中枢控制的研究 经颅磁刺激和外周磁刺激正常 演讲正在进行中。 其目的是估计皮质球的中枢传导时间。 通向喉部肌肉的路径。通过刺激8字形线圈 在乳突区，预期的喉部传导时间 已经获得了肌肉。通过将外围设备延迟时间从 每条喉部肌肉的经颅潜伏期 它的两个侧面，可以得到中心传导时间的估计。 这些时间从4到7毫秒不等，不同肌肉之间的时间也不同。越短越好 得到左侧甲状旁肌的中枢传导时间。 而不是右侧的甲状旁肌和甲状旁肌 肌肉与环甲肌的比较。结果表明， 不同喉部肌肉的传导时间不同，可能 平衡周围神经长度的差异。 一项关于杂乱的详细研究已经在一个大家庭中完成。 正在招募更多的家庭来检查类似的模式 垂直传播与杂乱行为异常。联动 一旦获得了足够大的样本量，研究就在计划中。 一项关于氯丙咪嗪一年多的长期疗效的研究 在患有慢性口吃的成年人身上完成。尽管这些影响 维持这些药物与安慰剂的效果相似 在同一时期。 帕罗西汀(SSRI)和匹莫齐特(D2)的双盲研究 拮抗剂)被启动。在以下几个方面出现了意想不到的副作用 受试者，有必要结束这项研究。没有重要的演讲 尽管样本量很小，但也看到了好处。

Studies examining the central control of the laryngeal musculature using magnetic stimulation both transcranially and peripherally in normal speakers are ongoing. The purpose is to estimate central conduction time from the cortico-bulbar pathways to the laryngeal musculature. By stimulating the figure 8 coil over the mastoid area, the expected conduction times to the laryngeal muscles have been obtained. By subtracting the peripheral latencies from the transcranial latencies obtained in each of the laryngeal muscles on its two sides, an estimate of the central conduction time can be obtained. These times range from 4 to 7 ms and vary between muscles. The shorter central conduction times are obtained for the left thyroarytenoid muscles rather than the right thyroarytenoid muscles and for the thyroarytenoid muscles in comparison with the cricothyroid muscles. The results suggest that the conduction times for various laryngeal muscles differ and may balance peripheral differences in nerve lengths. A detailed study of cluttering has been completed in an extended family. Additional families are being recruited to examine for similar patterns of vertical transmission and behavioral abnormalities in cluttering. Linkage studies are being planned once a large enough sample size is obtained. A study of the long-term effects of clomipramine over one year was completed in chronically affected stuttering adults. Although the effects of clomipramine were maintained these were similar to placebo effects during the same period. A double blind study comparison of paroxetine (a SSRI) and pimozide (a D2 antagonist) was initiated. Unexpected side effects occurred in several subjects, necessitating that the study be closed. No significant speech benefits were seen although the sample size was small.