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The Political Effects of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles on Conflict and Cooperation within and between States

无人机对国家内部和国家间冲突与合作的政治影响

基本信息

批准号：
ES/K011359/1
负责人：
Nicholas Wheeler
金额：
$ 29.18万
依托单位：
University of Birmingham
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FK011359%2F1
关键词：
Political Effects Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

项目摘要

This project will examine the impact of a recent and on-going development in science and technology (drones) on prospects for conflict and cooperation in countries where drones are deployed. The use of armed and unarmed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs/drones) by the United States and the United Kingdom has dramatically increased over the past decade. Aggregate data compiled from a range of open-access sources suggests that over 1,300 strikes have been carried out to date against enemy targets, killing almost 3,000 insurgents and nearly 500 civilians. From the vantage point of the intervening states, these statistics are defended as markers of military success against enemy. However, from the perspective of the targets of these strikes - far from the use of drones reducing the risks of insurgency and terrorism - each strike justifies substantially increasing the level of violence against US/UK forces. These clashing assessments of the political effects of drone strikes can only be understood in a context of cultural misunderstandings; for the intervening side, drones represent the latest manifestation of progressive reduction of risk to Western intervening forces while for the populations affected by drone strikes, they represent the unacceptable combination of Western arrogance, technological hubris, invulnerability, and exclusivist beliefs and values.Consequently, different values, belief systems, narratives, and historical contexts lead to radically different interpretations of whether US/UK drone strikes are increasing or decreasing the security of both the intervening and targeted actors. Yet, the evidence on which these claims and counter-claims are being made is highly contested, and there is very little systematic comparative analysis of the data. This project seeks to rectify this lack of data and in so doing responds to that part of the ESRC/AHRC-Dstl Science and Security call which focuses on 'Improving our ability to use S&T developments to increase co-operation and collaboration as a means of preventing future conflict'. Consequently, research will investigate in a comparative context how conflicting perceptions of the use of drones shapes the propensities for conflict and cooperation both within the territory of the penetrated state and between the intervening state and the state in which the drones are operating.To understand how conflicting perceptions of S&T are shaped by cultural context, and to explore how far the use of drones has generated new spaces of cultural misunderstanding leading to increased conflict, the project adopts an interdisciplinary theoretical framework rooted in the study of cognition, emotions, and the construction of historical narratives in the context of political action and decision-making. By utilising this framework, the project team will investigate whether the use of drones has established and/or further strengthened narratives which produce and reproduce violent conflict. Or alternatively, has it opened up new spaces for negotiations to mitigate and end conflicts? Thus, the project team will seek to address the following primary research question: Does the use of drones by a state on the territory of another actor increase or decrease the propensities for conflict and cooperation both within and between these actors?Focusing on the cases of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia we will conduct systematic comparative case study research, utilising interviews, focus groups, literature review and open-source data analysis as our principle research methods.The project will produce a number of outputs, including case study briefing papers and articles in refereed journals. These will form part of the substantive basis of our impact strategy that seeks to contribute to the shaping of a UK and international drone policy that is legal, ethical, legitimate, and effective in promoting security.

该项目将研究科学技术（无人机）的最新和持续发展对部署无人机的国家的冲突与合作前景的影响。过去十年，美国和英国对武装和非武装无人机（UAV/无人机）的使用急剧增加。从一系列公开来源收集的汇总数据表明，迄今为止，已经对敌方目标进行了 1,300 多次袭击，杀死了近 3,000 名叛乱分子和近 500 名平民。从干预国家的角度来看，这些统计数据被认为是对抗敌人的军事成功的标志。然而，从这些袭击目标的角度来看——无人机的使用远非降低叛乱和恐怖主义的风险——每次袭击都证明了大幅增加针对美国/英国军队的暴力程度。这些对无人机袭击政治影响的相互冲突的评估只能在文化误解的背景下才能理解；对于干预方来说，无人机代表了西方干预力量逐步降低风险的最新表现，而对于受无人机袭击影响的民众来说，它们代表了西方傲慢、技术狂妄、刀枪不入以及排他主义信仰和价值观的不可接受的结合。因此，不同的价值观、信仰体系、叙述和历史背景导致对美国/英国无人机袭击是否正在增加或是否增加的完全不同的解释降低干预者和目标行为者的安全。然而，提出这些主张和反主张的证据存在很大争议，而且对数据的系统比较分析也很少。该项目旨在纠正这种数据缺乏的情况，并以此回应 ESRC/AHRC-Dstl 科学与安全呼吁的一部分，该呼吁的重点是“提高我们利用科技发展来加强合作和协作的能力，以此作为预防未来冲突的手段”。因此，研究将在比较背景下调查对无人机使用的相互冲突的看法如何在渗透国境内以及干预国与无人机运行所在国家之间形成冲突与合作的倾向。为了了解文化背景如何塑造对科技的相互冲突的看法，并探讨无人机的使用在多大程度上产生了导致冲突加剧的新的文化误解空间，该项目采用了植根于对政治行动和决策背景下的认知、情感和历史叙事构建的研究的跨学科理论框架。通过利用这个框架，项目团队将调查无人机的使用是否已经建立和/或进一步强化了产生和再现暴力冲突的叙事。或者，它是否为缓解和结束冲突的谈判开辟了新的空间？因此，项目组将寻求解决以下主要研究问题：一国在另一行为体领土上使用无人机是否会增加或减少这些行为体内部和之间的冲突与合作倾向？以阿富汗、巴基斯坦、也门和索马里为例，我们将利用访谈、焦点小组、文献综述和开源数据分析等方法，开展系统的比较案例研究。产生许多成果，包括案例研究简报和参考期刊上的文章。这些将构成我们影响力战略实质性基础的一部分，该战略旨在为英国和国际无人机政策的制定做出贡献，该政策在促进安全方面是合法、道德、合理和有效的。