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Basic Entrepreneurship: A Means for Transforming the Economic Lives of the Poor?

基本创业精神：改变穷人经济生活的一种手段？

基本信息

批准号：
ES/L005689/1
负责人：
Robin Burgess
金额：
$ 41.72万
依托单位：
London School of Economics and Political Science
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FL005689%2F1
关键词：
Basic Entrepreneurship Means Transforming Economic

项目摘要

The world's poorest people typically lack both capital and skills. They tend to work as in occupations such as agricultural labor or subsistence cultivation which are often insecure and seasonal in nature and which do not require capital or skills. The non-poor, in contrast, tend to be engaged in secure wage employment or to operate their own businesses. Consequently, most anti-poverty programs attempt to target the poor to help them overcome either a lack of capital and or skills. Notable policy interventions along these lines include microfinance programs on the capital side, or vocational training and adult education on the skills side. Yet it is uncertain whether many of these programs are, in fact, able to transform the occupational choices of the poor, and thereby enable them to permanently exit poverty. Occupational change is central to development and growth, but it is the result of a complex set of interactions between individuals, markets and the state, and it is therefore difficult to credibly link occupational change to a lack of capital and skills.The proposed research examines a new set of interventions, pioneered by the world's largest NGO BRAC in Bangladesh, which simultaneously tackle the capital and skills constraint in an attempt to encourage occupational change amongst the world's poorest women. We use randomised control trials of this type of program in Bangladesh, Pakistan and India to look at whether providing capital and skills can encourage basic entrepreneurship. The issue at hand is whether one can create successful female entrepreneurs - who acquire skills and make use of productive capital - out of poor women who started out with neither. Key to this question is whether asset and skill transfers can induce the poor to alter their occupational choices and permanently exit poverty, as opposed to simply enabling them to increase their consumption in the short term. These questions are highly salient as the world is littered with examples of anti-poverty programs, which despite their best intentions, fail to have any appreciable impact on their intended beneficiaries. The proposed research thus speaks directly to the first overarching question posed in the ESRC-DFID Joint Fund for Poverty Alleviation Research 2012-13 on finding effective means to allow the poorest to exit and stay out of poverty. It also addresses directly the crosscutting issues on structural inequalities (particularly as regards gender) and measurement and metrics (particularly as regards measuring empowerment and the social dynamics and general equilibrium effects induced by the program). The interventions we examine are fundamentally about empowering the poorest women within rural communities both socially and economically so that they can exit and stay out of poverty. The proposed research begins with an on-going large randomized evaluation of the ultra poor program which is being carried out jointly by the Principal Investigator, Professor Robin Burgess, and the world's largest NGO, BRAC (Bandiera et al, 2012). It then extends to two further large randomized evaluations inspired by this BRAC flagship program. A randomized evaluation of a combined livestock and microfinance program which is being implemented by BRAC in rural Uganda. And an evaluation of the Punjab Economic Opportunities Program, being implemented by the Government of Punjab in Pakistan, which attempts to enable poor, rural inhabitants to start small livestock businesses by providing them with livestock assets and complementary training. The research will thus tell us something about whether the basic entrepreneurship idea, which was pioneered by BRAC in Bangladesh, can be replicated elsewhere.

世界上最贫穷的人通常既缺乏资本又缺乏技能。他们往往从事农业劳动或自给耕作等职业，这些职业往往不安全，具有季节性，不需要资本或技能。相反，非穷人往往从事有保障的有薪工作或经营自己的企业。因此，大多数反贫困计划试图以穷人为目标，帮助他们克服缺乏资本和技能的问题。在这方面值得注意的政策干预沿着包括资本方面的小额供资方案，或技能方面的职业培训和成人教育。然而，目前尚不确定这些方案中的许多方案是否能够改变穷人的职业选择，从而使他们能够永久摆脱贫困。职业变化是发展和增长的核心，但它是个人、市场和国家之间一系列复杂互动的结果，因此很难将职业变化与缺乏资本和技能联系起来。拟议的研究审查了一套新的干预措施，由世界上最大的非政府组织孟加拉国农村发展委员会率先提出，同时解决资本和技能限制问题，以鼓励世界上最贫穷的妇女改变职业。我们在孟加拉国、巴基斯坦和印度对这类项目进行了随机对照试验，以研究提供资本和技能是否能鼓励基本的创业精神。目前的问题是，能否从一开始就两手空空的贫穷妇女中培养出成功的女企业家-她们掌握技能并利用生产资本。这一问题的关键是，资产和技能转让是否能够促使穷人改变其职业选择，永久摆脱贫困，而不是仅仅使他们能够在短期内增加消费。这些问题是非常突出的，因为世界上到处都是反贫困计划的例子，尽管它们的意图是好的，但未能对其预期的受益者产生任何明显的影响。因此，拟议的研究直接涉及2012- 2013年欧洲社会研究中心-英国国际开发部减贫研究联合基金提出的第一个首要问题，即寻找有效手段，使最贫穷者摆脱贫困。它还直接解决了结构性不平等（特别是性别不平等）以及衡量和指标（特别是衡量赋权以及该计划引起的社会动态和一般均衡影响）方面的交叉问题。我们所研究的干预措施从根本上讲是要在社会和经济上增强农村社区最贫穷妇女的权能，使她们能够摆脱贫困。拟议的研究始于对极端贫困计划的持续大规模随机评估，该评估由首席研究员Robin Burgess教授和世界上最大的非政府组织BRAC联合进行（Bandiera等人，2012）。然后，它扩展到两个进一步的大型随机评价的启发，这个BRAC旗舰计划。对BRAC在乌干达农村实施的牲畜和小额信贷联合项目的随机评估。以及对巴基斯坦旁遮普政府正在实施的旁遮普经济机会方案的评价，该方案试图通过向贫穷的农村居民提供牲畜资产和补充培训，使他们能够开办小型牲畜企业。因此，这项研究将告诉我们，由孟加拉农村发展委员会在孟加拉国开创的基本创业理念是否可以在其他地方复制。