The Belfast Mobility Project: Intergroup contact, segregation and the time-geography of sectarian relations in Belfast

贝尔法斯特流动项目：贝尔法斯特群体间接触、隔离和宗派关系的时间地理

• 批准号: ES/L016583/1
• 负责人: John Dixon
• 金额: $ 49.97万
• 依托单位: The Open University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2015 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FL016583%2F1
• 关键词: Belfast; Mobility; Project; Intergroup; contact

This research develops a new approach to segregation between groups, taking sectarian relations in Belfast as a case study. In so doing, it proposes a theoretical and methodological framework that can be applied to other historically divided cities. Previous research has focused on (relatively) stable patterns of division entrenched within global institutions of residence, employment or education. We hold that such work may be enriched by research that treats segregation as the dynamic outcome of individuals' routine movements as they travel the city, using its pathways, amenities and activity spaces and coming into contact with certain kinds of people, while avoiding others. Our project entails closely related work of theoretical, methodological and empirical innovation. Theoretically, we will integrate work on the psychology of intergroup contact with work on the time-geography of everyday behaviour. That is, we will show how time-geographic concepts (e.g. 'space-time path') can explain how segregation is reproduced through the day-by-day timing and spacing of individuals' movements and activities and, by implication, through the temporal and spatial 'constraints' to which they are subject. Correspondingly, we will show how such movements and activities express psychological processes. We will focus specifically on the role of different forms of perceived intergroup threat (e.g. symbolic, realistic and environmental threat), exploring how such threats interact with other social and psychological factors in order to sustain or undermine a 'behavioural ecology' of separation. Methodologically, our research will capitalize on new techniques for tracking and analyzing individuals' movements through urban areas. By implementing a novel combination of GPS technology, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), interviews, and standard questionnaire techniques, we will show how segregation may arise through the timing and spacing of everyday behaviour and how this process is shaped by social and psychological factors. Empirically, our project will entail the collection of new kinds of data on sectarian divisions in North Belfast. Initially, we will use a combination of 'walking interview' and GIS methods to map how Catholic and Protestant residents use and make sense of everyday activity spaces, exploring how their understanding of those spaces and pathways are territorially organised. Then, we will conduct a questionnaire survey with a representative sample of people living in North Belfast (n = 500), designed to tap their perceptions of intergroup threat along with a range of other social psychological variables. Finally, using a combination of GPS tracking and GIS methods, we will track the mobility patterns and activity space use over time of the same respondents who completed the questionnaire phase. Our analysis will explore the degree to which residents use activity spaces located in areas of varying sectarian compositions and pass along time-space pathways that increase or reduce their exposure to other communities. It will also explore how social, psychological and environmental factors predict resulting practices of segregation and integration.Our research will help to develop a new approach to studying, evidencing and explaining segregation, which can be transferred to other contexts in which the problem of segregation arises. It will also inform interventions to combat sectarian polarization in Belfast at a time when the government is investing heavily in this ideal. Evidence on mobility patterns in the city, for instance, may enrich knowledge about the nature of the real or imagined constraints placed on residents' routine movements and pathways, the accessibility of public facilities, and the use of public transport. As important, it may reveal emerging spaces of integration and help to identify the kinds of people, social practices and environmental factors that are breaking down boundaries to contact.

这项研究以贝尔法斯特的宗派关系为例，提出了一种新的群体隔离方法。在这样做的过程中，它提出了一个可以应用于其他历史上分裂的城市的理论和方法框架。此前的研究集中在全球居住、就业或教育机构内部(相对)稳定的分工模式。我们认为，通过研究将种族隔离视为个人在城市中旅行时的常规流动的动态结果，利用城市的小路、便利设施和活动空间，并与某些类型的人接触，同时避开其他人，这类工作可能会得到丰富。我们的项目需要密切相关的理论、方法和经验创新工作。从理论上讲，我们将把群体间接触心理学方面的工作与日常行为的时间地理方面的工作结合起来。也就是说，我们将展示时间-地理概念(例如“空间-时间路径”)如何解释隔离是如何通过个人运动和活动的逐日时间和间隔，以及隐含地通过他们所受的时间和空间‘约束’来再现的。相应地，我们将展示这些动作和活动是如何表达心理过程的。我们将特别关注不同形式的感知到的群体间威胁(例如，象征性、现实性和环境威胁)的作用，探索这些威胁如何与其他社会和心理因素相互作用，以维持或破坏分离的“行为生态”。在方法上，我们的研究将利用新技术来跟踪和分析个人在城市地区的流动。通过实施GPS技术、地理信息系统(GIS)、访谈和标准问卷技术的新组合，我们将展示隔离如何通过日常行为的时间和间隔产生，以及这一过程是如何由社会和心理因素塑造的。从经验上讲，我们的项目将需要收集有关北贝尔法斯特宗派分裂的新类型的数据。首先，我们将使用“步行访谈”和地理信息系统的方法相结合的方式来绘制天主教和新教居民如何使用和理解日常活动空间，探索他们对这些空间和路径的理解是如何在区域上组织的。然后，我们将对居住在北贝尔法斯特(n=500)的具有代表性的人进行问卷调查，旨在挖掘他们对群体间威胁的感知以及一系列其他社会心理变量。最后，结合使用GPS跟踪和GIS方法，我们将跟踪完成调查问卷阶段的同一受访者在一段时间内的移动模式和活动空间使用情况。我们的分析将探索居民使用位于不同宗派构成地区的活动空间的程度，并沿着增加或减少他们对其他社区的暴露的时空路径传递。我们的研究将有助于开发一种新的方法来研究、证明和解释种族隔离，这种方法可以转移到出现种族隔离问题的其他背景下。它还将为贝尔法斯特打击宗派两极分化的干预措施提供信息，而此时政府正在这一理想上投入巨资。例如，关于城市交通模式的证据可能会丰富人们对居民日常行动和道路、公共设施的可达性和公共交通使用的实际或想象限制的性质的知识。同样重要的是，它可能会揭示新出现的融合空间，并有助于识别正在打破界限进行接触的人的类型、社会习俗和环境因素。

项目成果

Parallel Lives: Intergroup Contact, Threat, and the Segregation of Everyday Activity Spaces

• DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000191
• 发表时间: 2020-03-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
• 影响因子: 7.6
• 作者: Dixon, John;Tredoux, Colin;Bryan, Dominic
• 通讯作者: Bryan, Dominic

Exploring Segregation and Sharing in Belfast: A PGIS Approach

探索贝尔法斯特的隔离与共享：PGIS 方法

• DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1480930
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Annals of the American Association of Geographers
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Huck J

Networks of (Dis)connection: Mobility Practices, Tertiary Streets, and Sectarian Divisions in North Belfast

• DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1593817
• 发表时间: 2019-05-30
• 期刊: ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOGRAPHERS
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Davies, Gemma;Dixon, John;Bryan, Dominic
• 通讯作者: Bryan, Dominic

Discourses of identity in liminal places and space

阈限场所和空间中的身份话语

• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Hocking, B.T.

Belfast mobility: Extracting route information from GPS tracks

贝尔法斯特移动性：从 GPS 轨迹中提取路线信息

• 发表时间: 2017
• 作者: Davies, G.