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Social cash transfers, generational relations and youth poverty trajectories in rural Lesotho and Malawi

莱索托和马拉维农村地区的社会现金转移、代际关系和青年贫困轨迹

基本信息

批准号：
ES/M009076/1
负责人：
Nicola Ansell
金额：
$ 38.21万
依托单位：
Brunel University London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2015 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FM009076%2F1
关键词：
Social cash transfers generational relations

项目摘要

Youth poverty is important, not least because of its implications for the future, yet rural youth poverty in particular has received little attention from researchers or policy makers. The major recent innovation in policy responses to poverty in sub-Saharan Africa has been social cash transfer (SCT) schemes which disburse cash to poor people. There is growing evidence that these address symptoms of poverty among their target populations, particularly children and the elderly. However, impact evaluations have paid minimal attention to their effects on young adults or generational relations.Researchers increasingly recognise that poverty is produced through structural power relations including political and economic relations, and relations within and between social groups (based on social categorisations such as gender, age, generation and class). If the impacts of SCTs are to be fully understood, it is necessary to examine how they intervene in and are negotiated through these structural relationships.Rather than examining the impacts of SCTs on youth as an age-based category, the research focuses on their effects on the power relationships that structure young lives. Drawing on recent calls for a 'generationing' of development, it examines how SCTs shape generational relationships (between older and younger people; between members of an age cohort; between life phases; and between young people and their wider structural contexts). As generational relations intersect with other social relations, effects of SCTs on relations of age and gender will also be examined.The proposal addresses the call question: What factors shape pathways into and out of poverty and people's experience of these, and how can policy create sustained routes out of extreme poverty in ways that can be replicated and scaled up? It focuses on two countries that have instituted contrasting SCTs in the past decade: Lesotho (social pensions and child grants) and Malawi (SCTs to ultra-poor labour constrained households).Objectives1. To identify how specific structural power relationships shape young people's poverty trajectories, focusing particularly on generational relations2. To identify how SCTs operating in Malawi and Lesotho intervene in these structural power relationships, and the consequences for young people's poverty trajectories3. To examine how political and economic power relationships between national and international institutions are implicated in the design and implementation of SCT schemes4. To develop an analysis of young people's poverty trajectories and policy responses that conceptually connects national and international political economic processes with social relations of generation, age and gender5. To develop and refine a methodological approach that facilitates the involvement of young people in the identification and analysis of the structural relations at the root of their experiences of povertyMethodsThe research will augment a rich dataset from a previous project (2007/8) which detailed the life histories and aspirations of 80 young people, then aged 10-24, in two villages. Follow-up interviews will be conducted with these young people, some of whose households will have since begun to receive SCTs, to map their poverty trajectories and explore influencing factors. In depth interviews will also be conducted with members of five households per village in receipt of SCTs to explore further the impacts on relations of gender, age and generation. Subsequently, participatory workshops with groups of young people will examine in greater depth the processes that produce and perpetuate poverty, and how SCTs intervene in these processes. Meanwhile, a PhD student will undertake research with policy makers, focusing on Objective 3. Finally, workshops with representatives of agencies, NGOs and government will engage in further analysis of the findings to address Objective 4 and identify key policy lessons.

青年贫困很重要，尤其是因为它对未来的影响，但农村青年贫困特别没有受到研究人员或政策制定者的关注。撒哈拉以南非洲在应对贫穷的政策方面最近的主要创新是向穷人发放现金的社会现金转移计划。越来越多的证据表明，这些项目针对的是目标人群中的贫困症状，特别是儿童和老年人。然而，影响评估很少关注其对年轻人或代际关系的影响。研究人员越来越多地认识到，贫困是通过结构性权力关系产生的，包括政治和经济关系，以及社会群体内部和社会群体之间的关系(基于性别、年龄、代际和阶级等社会分类)。如果要充分理解SCT的影响，就有必要研究它们是如何介入这些结构关系并通过这些结构关系进行协商的。本研究不是作为一个基于年龄的类别来考察SCT对青年的影响，而是关注它们对构成年轻生活的权力关系的影响。它借鉴了最近关于“代代化”发展的呼吁，考察了SCT如何塑造代际关系(老年人与年轻人之间；同一年龄段成员之间；生命阶段之间；以及年轻人与其更广泛的结构背景之间)。随着代际关系与其他社会关系的交叉，还将审查SCTS对年龄和性别关系的影响。该提案解决了一个呼唤的问题：哪些因素决定了进入和摆脱贫困的途径以及人们对这些途径的体验，以及政策如何以可复制和扩大的方式创造持续摆脱极端贫困的途径？它侧重于两个在过去十年中制定了不同的儿童福利计划的国家：莱索托(社会养老金和儿童补助金)和马拉维(向极度贫穷、劳动力受限的家庭提供儿童福利计划)。确定具体的结构性权力关系如何影响年轻人的贫穷轨迹，特别注重代际关系2。查明在马拉维和莱索托开展业务的南部非洲国家技术中心如何干预这些结构性权力关系，以及对年轻人贫困轨迹的影响3。审查国家和国际机构之间的政治和经济权力关系如何牵涉到小班教学计划的设计和实施4。对青年的贫穷轨迹和政策反应进行分析，从概念上将国家和国际政治经济进程与世代、年龄和性别的社会关系联系起来。制定和完善一种方法，以促进年轻人参与确定和分析其贫困经历根源的结构关系方法这项研究将扩大前一个项目(2007/8)的丰富数据集，该项目详细描述了两个村庄当时10-24岁的80名年轻人的生活史和愿望。我们会与这些年青人进行跟进访问，以描绘他们的贫穷轨迹及探讨影响他们的因素。此外，亦会深入访问每村五户接受小班教学的家庭成员，以进一步探讨性别、年龄和世代对关系的影响。随后，与青年群体一起举办的参与性讲习班将更深入地研究产生和延续贫穷的过程，以及小规模技术如何干预这些过程。同时，一名博士生将与政策制定者一起进行研究，重点是目标3。最后，与各机构、非政府组织和政府的代表一起举办的讲习班将对调查结果进行进一步分析，以解决目标4并找出关键的政策教训。