Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses

创业和小企业的驱动因素

• 批准号: ES/M010953/1
• 负责人: Robert Bennett
• 金额: $ 144.54万
• 依托单位: University of Cambridge
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2015 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FM010953%2F1
• 关键词: Drivers; Entrepreneurship; Small; Businesses

Entrepreneurship and small businesses are of critical importance to all countries and international development agencies to improve economic growth, encourage innovation, and facilitate inclusion of different groups in societies. The history of Britain as the 'First Industrial Nation' is influential on development theory and policy worldwide. This project's database and analysis will transform understanding of entrepreneurship in Britain over 1851-1911, lessons for modern policies, and relations to modern entrepreneurship and economic growth.Previous research yields little information on business numbers and size-distribution in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This makes economy-wide understanding of entrepreneurship and business dynamics difficult, and relation to modern patterns impossible to assess. The division of contributions between wages earners, self-employment, and businesses of different types of business over 1851-1911 are highly uncertain (as indicated by gaps in ONS and other historical series). As a result, we have very limited understanding of economy-wide evolution since the 1850s of individual and geographical patterns of entrepreneurs, managerial change, and their role in economic growth. Many widespread claims about entrepreneurship and small business development over time are basically untested. These historical gaps have current relevance to BIS, local government and international agencies that promote entrepreneurship and economic development. This project aims to identify the population in Britain of those entrepreneurs who were employers, company directors, and self-employed own account traders using available census records over 1851-1911. These data have not previously been used to extract businesses/entrepreneurs because they have not been available electronically. The recent creation of a database (I-CeM) for most censuses at UKDA now makes this project feasible. This is a 'Big Data' project involving the development and analysis of a database for each census of approximately 2-4 million self-employed individuals and 150,000-400,000 business owners/entrepreneurs that employ others. This will create the first publically available data on the population of individual business proprietors in Britain over 1851-1911, to be deposited at the UK Data Archive.The objectives are ambitious, but feasibility has been tested through a pilot using the full 1881 e-Census records. This pilot developed the extraction algorithm required and assessed the representativeness of the employer information obtained.The project will contribute to both current and historical debates through new findings on institutional and personal supports to entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurial fertility of different geographical environments, the relation to modern entrepreneurship and growth, gendered participation rates, and the characteristics of entrepreneurs and locations that contribute most to enterprise creation and growth. It will give the first large-scale long-term estimates of entrepreneurship rates and business numbers by employee size, location, gender, sector organisational status (as Ltd. Cos., partnerships and sole traders), and types of entrepreneur. The project will estimate historical trends and drivers of entrepreneurship through multivariate econometric estimation, how the historical patterns influence modern entrepreneurship and growth, and what this means for modern policy. Findings will be communicated through events aimed at specific user groups, publications, web-dissemination, provision of key statistics (akin to modern BIS SME Statistics), and maps of the main distribution patterns at different spatial scales. Case studies will enrich quantitative interpretations to help engage user groups, and two pilots will investigate integration of census with company records on shareholders & directors, and track panels of firms/entrepreneurs over time.

创业精神和小企业对于所有国家和国际发展机构都至关重要，有助于促进经济增长，鼓励创新，促进不同群体融入社会。英国作为“第一工业国”的历史对世界范围内的发展理论和政策具有重要影响。该项目的数据库和分析将改变对1851-1911年英国企业家精神的理解，为现代政策提供经验教训，以及与现代企业家精神和经济增长的关系。以前的研究几乎没有关于19世纪和20世纪初企业数量和规模分布的信息。这使得整个经济难以理解创业和商业动态，也无法评估其与现代模式的关系。1851-1911年期间工薪阶层、自营职业者和不同类型企业之间的缴款分配非常不确定（如国家统计局和其他历史系列的差距所示）。因此，我们对自19世纪50年代以来整个经济的演变、企业家的个人和地理模式、管理变革及其在经济增长中的作用的了解非常有限。许多关于企业家精神和小企业长期发展的广泛说法基本上未经检验。这些历史上的差距对促进创业和经济发展的国际清算银行、地方政府和国际机构具有现实意义。该项目旨在利用1851-1911年的人口普查记录，确定英国的雇主、公司董事和自营职业者的人数。这些数据以前没有被用来提取企业/企业家，因为它们没有电子版。最近在联合王国农业部为大多数人口普查建立了一个数据库（I-CeM），这使该项目变得可行。这是一个“大数据”项目，涉及为每次人口普查开发和分析一个数据库，其中包括大约200万至400万自营职业者和15万至40万雇用他人的企业主/企业家。这将创建第一个关于1851年至1911年英国个体工商户人口的历史数据，并存入英国数据档案馆。目标雄心勃勃，但可行性已经通过使用完整的1881年电子人口普查记录的试点进行了测试。该试点项目开发了所需的提取算法，并评估了所获得的雇主信息的代表性，该项目将通过对创业的机构和个人支持、不同地理环境的创业生育率、与现代创业和增长的关系、性别参与率、以及对企业创建和成长贡献最大的企业家和地点的特点。它将根据雇员规模、地点、性别、部门组织状况（如有限公司、合伙企业和个体经营者），以及企业家的类型。该项目将通过多元计量经济学估计来估计创业的历史趋势和驱动因素，历史模式如何影响现代创业和增长，以及这对现代政策意味着什么。调查结果将通过针对特定用户群体的活动、出版物、网络传播、提供关键统计数据（类似于现代国际清算银行中小企业统计数据）以及不同空间尺度的主要分布模式图来传播。案例研究将丰富定量解释，以帮助吸引用户群体，两个试点项目将调查人口普查与公司股东和董事记录的整合，并随着时间的推移跟踪公司/企业家小组。

项目成果

Portfolio entrepreneurship in farming: Empirical evidence from the 1881 census for England and Wales

农业投资组合创业：来自 1881 年英格兰和威尔士人口普查的经验证据

• DOI: 10.17863/cam.18091
• 发表时间: 2017
• 作者: Bennett R

The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911

1891-1911 年英格兰和威尔士非公司企业主人口

• DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2018.1534959
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Business History
• 影响因子: 1.1
• 作者: Bennett R

Missing in the Census 1851-1911: The 'lost', 'missing', and 'gaps' in I-CeM and BBCE, with weights to adjust RSD populations

1851-1911 年人口普查中的缺失：I-CeM 和 BBCE 中的“丢失”、“缺失”和“差距”，以及调整 RSD 人口的权重

• DOI: 10.17863/cam.50179
• 发表时间: 2020
• 作者: Bennett R

Profitability of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Marshall's time: sector and spatial heterogeneity in the nineteenth century

马歇尔时代中小企业的盈利能力：十九世纪的部门和空间异质性

• DOI: 10.1093/cje/beab055
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Cambridge Journal of Economics
• 影响因子: 2
• 作者: Bennett R

Estimates of GB firm-size by sector in 1881 using BBCE sector definitions (EA17 sector codes)

使用 BBCE 部门定义（EA17 部门代码）估算 1881 年按部门划分的英国企业规模

• DOI: 10.17863/cam.77394
• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Bennett R