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Transnational practices in local settings: Experiences of citizenship among Bangladesh-origin Muslims in London and Birmingham

当地环境中的跨国实践：伦敦和伯明翰孟加拉国裔穆斯林的公民身份经历

基本信息

批准号：
ES/N000986/2
负责人：
Victoria Redclift
金额：
$ 16.89万
依托单位：
University College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2018 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FN000986%2F2
关键词：
Transnational practices local settings Experiences

项目摘要

'Transnational citizenship' (Baubock, 1994; Fox, 2005) has been conceptualised to reflect the processes through which political identity transcends the nation-state (Basch et al, 1994). However, the degree to which political identities that cross borders may be informed by political identities within borders remains a matter of considerable academic debate. It has been argued, for example, that transnational ties represent an impediment to the formation of national and local identifications; a danger to citizenship and integration in countries of settlement (Snel et al, 2006). Others argue that the reverse may also be true. The concept of 'political opportunity structure' has come to suggest that transnational practices take place in local settings; shaped by the particular opportunities and constraints present in different localities (Guarnizo and Smith, 1998; Mahler, 1998). This deviates from the majority of the literature on Muslim transnational relations in particular, in which the focus is very often on the characteristics of the population, or the characteristics of Islamic culture, in a way that ignores "the role of social and political circumstances in shaping how people make sense of the world and then act upon it" (Kundnani, 2014, p.10). This project considers the relationship between the local and transnational citizenship experiences of Bangladesh-origin Muslims in London and Birmingham. It investigates local experiences of citizenship in relation to a) different histories of settlement, b) different population profiles in terms of ethnic concentration, age, gender, socio-economic background, length of residence and naturalization status, and c) the different social and political environments of the two cities. The project will examine how these local political identities influence processes of transnational engagement, and consider how transnational identities and relationships in turn inform local political subjectivity. It will draw on the insights of 'political opportunity theory' but depart from it in two key respects. First, previous work has tended to construct migrant populations as homogenous groups and this project will devote greater attention to considering how issues play out differently according to gender, generation and class. Second, it will move beyond characterisations of citizenship based on 'formal status' to consider more 'substantive' dimensions of socio-political engagement - the social, cultural, political, or symbolic 'acts' that legal status may or may not make possible (Isin and Nielsen, 2008). This includes examination of access to education, employment, housing, healthcare and local political processes. In each location, 30 in-depth semi-structured interviews will be conducted with 15 Bengali families in the form of same-sex parent/child dyads. The use of same-sex parent-child dyads will help draw out generational dimensions and focus the issues of continuity and change over time. In addition, 5 oral history interviews and 5 civil society interviews will be conducted in each location, producing a total of 80 interviews, complemented by ethnographic observation with the Bangladeshi community in both field sites. In the context of the on-going 'War on Terror', and an increasing political and media focus on a security threat that is 'home grown', the transnational practices of British Muslims have generated particular concern. This has fed into a range of recent policy proposals with respect to the treatment of British subjects who engage in transnational activities the Government does not support, and brings the constitutionally protected activities of a large number of people under increasing surveillance (Kundnani, 2014). In popular debate and the practice of public policy, therefore, transnational ties may affect local experiences of citizenship, but more research is needed to understand how transnational activity is situated in local social, cultural and political milieu.

“跨国公民”（Baubock, 1994; Fox, 2005）已经被概念化，以反映政治认同超越民族国家的过程（Basch et al, 1994）。然而，跨国界的政治认同在多大程度上可能受到边界内政治认同的影响，仍然是一个相当大的学术辩论问题。例如，有人认为，跨国关系是形成国家和地方认同的障碍；对居住国的公民身份和融入构成危险（Snel等，2006年）。另一些人则认为，反过来也可能是正确的。“政治机会结构”的概念表明，跨国实践发生在当地环境中；由不同地区存在的特定机会和限制形成（Guarnizo和Smith, 1998; Mahler, 1998）。这偏离了大多数关于穆斯林跨国关系的文献，这些文献的重点往往放在人口的特征或伊斯兰文化的特征上，而忽略了“社会和政治环境在塑造人们如何理解世界并据此采取行动方面的作用”（Kundnani, 2014，第10页）。这个项目考虑了孟加拉裔穆斯林在伦敦和伯明翰的本地和跨国公民经历之间的关系。它调查了与a)不同定居历史相关的当地公民经验，b)在种族集中，年龄，性别，社会经济背景，居住时间和入籍状态方面的不同人口概况，以及c)两个城市不同的社会和政治环境。该项目将研究这些地方政治身份如何影响跨国参与的过程，并考虑跨国身份和关系如何反过来通知当地的政治主体性。它将借鉴“政治机会理论”的见解，但在两个关键方面有所偏离。首先，以前的工作倾向于将移民人口构建为同质群体，本项目将更多地关注考虑问题如何根据性别，代际和阶级而不同。其次，它将超越基于“正式地位”的公民身份特征，考虑社会政治参与的更多“实质性”维度——法律地位可能或不可能实现的社会、文化、政治或象征性“行为”（Isin和Nielsen， 2008）。这包括审查获得教育、就业、住房、保健和地方政治进程的机会。在每个地点，将对15个孟加拉家庭进行30次深入的半结构化访谈，访谈的形式是同性父母/孩子双对。使用同性亲子二人组将有助于绘制代际维度，并关注随着时间的推移而发生的连续性和变化问题。此外，将在每个地点进行5次口述历史访谈和5次民间社会访谈，总共进行80次访谈，并在两个实地地点对孟加拉国社区进行人种学观察。在正在进行的“反恐战争”的背景下，越来越多的政治和媒体关注“本土”的安全威胁，英国穆斯林的跨国行为引起了特别的关注。这已经形成了一系列最近的政策建议，涉及到从事政府不支持的跨国活动的英国人的待遇，并使许多人的宪法保护活动受到越来越多的监视（Kundnani, 2014）。因此，在大众辩论和公共政策实践中，跨国关系可能会影响当地的公民经验，但需要更多的研究来了解跨国活动如何位于当地的社会、文化和政治环境中。