Modelling and Measuring Atypical Employment

非典型就业建模和衡量

• 批准号: ES/N017099/1
• 负责人: Abigail Adams
• 金额: $ 12.69万
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FN017099%2F1
• 关键词: Modelling; Measuring; Atypical; Employment

Under a zero hours work contract (ZHC), individuals are not guaranteed work and are paid only for the actual hours of work carried out. Crucially, there is no guarantee of any work being performed: an employer only offers work when and as required; similarly, a worker performs the tasks offered only when and if it suits them. Since early 2013, ZHCs have become one of the highest-profile labour market issues in the UK. Frequent media reports on their use and abuse are polarised between those who see zero hours contracts as the epitome of exploitative, precarious employment, and those who consider them a sign of the efficient functioning of a modern labour market. Yet, despite their salience in public debate, many questions concerning the operation and impact of zero hours contracts (ZHCs) remain unanswered. This is primarily due to a lack of reliable empirical work in the area, arising from a dearth of accurate time series evidence on ZHCs in nationally representative datasets such as the Labour Force Survey. In the first part of my research agenda, I will address this gap in knowledge with the help of a novel matched employee-employer panel, the workforce intelligence system of the adult social care sector in the UK. This dataset includes a more accurate measure of ZHCs than other sources, in addition to a host of other worker and employer characteristics. I will develop an economic model that allows for a limited availability of job offers and preferences for flexibility, and estimate its key parameters using the aforementioned dataset. In so doing, I will shed light on why individuals accept ZHC work - an absence of preferred alternatives or a preference for the flexibility that such an arrangement affords? - and explore how this varies across different groups of workers. Such results are needed to inform the debate on the regulation of these contracts, which has thus far suffered from a lack of reliable evidence. It is difficult to measure ZHCs and other forms of atypical employment accurately because individuals often lack a sufficient understanding of their contractual situation (International Labour Organisation, 2003; Office for National Statistics, 2014). There are also wider challenges arising from a lack of congruence between employment law taxonomies and the classification of workers in labour market surveys. Lawyers are rarely interested in the label used to describe a particular working arrangement. Under UK employment law, individuals are typically assigned to one of three legal categories, with corresponding levels of employment protection: employee (highest level, incl. unfair dismissal), worker (basic rights, such as minimum wage), self-employed (very little). Atypical working arrangements such as ZHCs would be better identified and understood if researchers focused on operationalising these legal categories. I will tackle this problem in the second part of my research agenda. Together with colleagues in the Oxford Faculty of Law, I will analyse the factors considered in written judgments and claimant forms from employment tribunal cases, and transcripts from interviews with judges. The aim of the project is to identify a set of measurable factors that are good indicators of the legal status of workers. Given this, I will develop a set of questions that can be included in labour market surveys to generate more reliable information on atypical work and the scope of employment protection rights. I will then bring together producers and users of labour market statistics to establish how to incorporate these indicators into labour market surveys. In so doing, this work will help to develop a more robust evidence base for future research into atypical work and employment protection legislation, as well as clarifying the key features of work arrangements that determine an individual's legal status. These results will be of crucial importance in informing employment legislation and dispute resolution.

根据零时工作合同，个人没有工作保证，只按实际工作时数获得报酬。至关重要的是，没有任何工作得到执行的保证：雇主只在需要的时候提供工作;同样，工人只在适合他们的时候执行提供的任务。自2013年初以来，ZHC已成为英国最引人注目的劳动力市场问题之一。媒体经常报道零时工合同的使用和滥用，有些人认为零时工合同是剥削性、不稳定就业的缩影，有些人认为零时工合同是现代劳动力市场有效运作的标志。然而，尽管零时工合同在公共辩论中很突出，但有关零时工合同的运作和影响的许多问题仍然没有答案。这主要是由于缺乏可靠的实证工作在该领域，由于缺乏准确的时间序列证据的ZHC在全国代表性的数据集，如劳动力调查。在我的研究议程的第一部分，我将解决这个知识差距的帮助下，一个新的匹配的工作人员，雇主面板，劳动力情报系统的成人社会护理部门在英国。该数据集包括比其他来源更准确的ZHC测量，以及许多其他工人和雇主特征。我将开发一个经济模型，允许有限的工作机会和灵活性偏好，并使用上述数据集估计其关键参数。这样做，我将阐明为什么个人接受ZHC工作-缺乏首选的替代品或偏好的灵活性，这样的安排提供？- 并探索这在不同工人群体中的差异。需要这些结果来为关于这些合同的监管的辩论提供信息，迄今为止，由于缺乏可靠的证据，这一辩论一直受到影响。很难准确衡量ZHC和其他形式的非典型就业，因为个人往往对其合同状况缺乏足够的了解（国际劳工组织，2003年;国家统计局，2014年）。就业法分类法与劳动力市场调查中的工人分类法之间缺乏一致性，也带来了更广泛的挑战。律师很少对用来描述特定工作安排的标签感兴趣。根据英国就业法，个人通常被分配到三个法律的类别之一，与相应的就业保护水平：雇员（最高级别，包括：不公平解雇），工人（基本权利，如最低工资），自营职业者（很少）。如果研究人员专注于实施这些法律的类别，那么ZHC等非典型工作安排将得到更好的识别和理解。我将在我的研究议程的第二部分处理这个问题。我将与牛津大学法学院的同事一起，分析劳资审裁处案件的书面判决和申索人表格中考虑的因素，以及与法官面谈的成绩单。该项目的目的是确定一套可衡量的因素，作为工人法律的地位的良好指标。有鉴于此，我将制定一套可纳入劳动力市场调查的问题，以获得关于非典型工作和就业保护权利范围的更可靠信息。然后，我将召集劳动力市场统计数据的编制者和使用者，确定如何将这些指标纳入劳动力市场调查。在这样做时，这项工作将有助于为今后对非典型工作和就业保护立法的研究建立更坚实的证据基础，并澄清决定个人法律的地位的工作安排的主要特点。这些结果将在为就业立法和争端解决提供信息方面发挥至关重要的作用。

项目成果

A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical Turk

Amazon Mechanical Turk 上工人收入的数据驱动分析

• DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1712.05796
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: arXiv e-prints
• 作者: Hara Kotaro

Vexatious Claims: Challenging the Case for Employment Tribunal Fees

无理取闹的索赔：对就业法庭费用提出质疑

• DOI: 10.1111/1468-2230.12264
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: The Modern Law Review
• 作者: Adams A

Technology and the labour market: the assessment

• DOI: 10.1093/oxrep/gry010
• 发表时间: 2018-09-01
• 期刊: OXFORD REVIEW OF ECONOMIC POLICY
• 影响因子: 6.8
• 作者: Adams, Abi

What do consumers consider before they choose? Identification from asymmetric demand responses

消费者在选择之前会考虑什么？

• DOI: 10.1920/wp.ifs.2017.1709
• 作者: Abaluck J

Mutually Consistent Revealed Preference Demand Predictions

相互一致的显示偏好需求预测

• DOI: 10.1257/mic.20150216
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Microeconomics
• 作者: Adams A