Pregnant Men: An International Exploration of Trans Male Experiences and Practices of Reproduction

许多男性变性人（以下简称“跨性别者”）在变性过程中没有接受切除生殖器官或重建生殖器的手术。因此，从女性到男性的性别转换并不一定会剥夺生育的能力，更重要的是，也不会剥夺生育的欲望。该项目的总体目标是深入了解越来越多的男性的做法、经验和保健需求，他们可能在性别转换后寻求或怀孕和分娩。该项目将使用一系列定性方法，包括访谈、焦点小组、虚拟分析和可视化方法。为了考虑到国家和国际护理标准和卫生实践的重要性，不同的福利制度和承认变性人的不同法律框架，该项目将包括英国、美国、澳大利亚、波兰和意大利。跨性别男性怀孕表明，在不断变化的社会制度、技术进步和不断发展的文化理解中，性别和亲密行为是如何发生变化的。反之亦然，这种社会、技术和文化变革影响着个人如何过他们的性别、身体和亲密生活。性别、性行为和亲密行为的多样化，以及保健做法和生殖技术的进步，大大改变了当代怀孕和分娩的经历。社会和文化对性别和性多样性的态度不断变化，以及性行为和育儿方面的法律进步，使同性和性别多样化的伙伴关系得到承认，并允许平等获得抚养、收养和辅助生殖技术。在过去的十年里，同性养育子女的做法在社会和文化上得到了越来越多的关注，而法律的变化也使同性恋者成为父母的权利得到了重视。此外，男女同性恋育儿已经成为性研究领域以及亲密关系、亲属关系和个人生活的社会学研究的中心。然而，跨性别育儿实践在社会、文化、法律和学术领域受到的关注要少得多。Hines （PI）的早期工作（2007;2010）考虑了性别转变对养育关系的影响，从而探索了通过性别转变的养育方式。这个项目采取了一个不同的、未知的转变，探索变性后成为父母的跨性别者的经历。在考虑性别认同、性别化的身体以及主观层面上的男性和女性气质之间的关系时，该项目试图研究跨性别男性对怀孕和分娩的叙述如何为育儿的具体化和性别化过程带来新的理解。与性别多样性有关的法律和政策变化在性别多样化的人的关系和养育子女权利方面带来了一定程度的平等。该项目将审查国际一级的法律和政策在多大程度上支持这一跨性别男子群体的保健需要，并将审议法律和政策框架对怀孕决定的影响程度。保健是跨性别运动组织的一个关键领域。它将探讨在产前和新生儿阶段，跨性别男子在多大程度上感到得到保健专业人员的支持和理解。在学术和实践层面，家庭实践的转变与生殖技术的变化有关。该项目将讨论生殖技术的发展，并考虑这些进步对跨性别男性怀孕的影响程度。调查结果将传播给国际各级的跨学科学术受众、决策者、卫生和医疗专业人员和从业人员以及利益攸关方。

Many male transgender people (hereafter termed 'trans men') transition without undergoing surgery to remove their reproductive organs or reconstruct their genitals. Gender transition from female to male, then, does not necessarily take away the ability or, importantly, the desire to reproduce. The overall aim of this project is to gain an in-depth understanding of the practices, experiences, and health care needs of the growing number of men who may seek to, or become, pregnant and give birth after gender transition. The project will use a range of qualitative methods including interviews, focus groups, virtual analysis and visual methods. In order to consider the significance of national and international care standards and health practices, divergent welfare regimes and differing legal frameworks of recognition for trans people, the project will include the UK, US, Australia, Poland and Italy. Trans male pregnancy shows how shifts in gendered and intimate practices occur within changing social institutions, technological advances and developing cultural understandings. Vice versa, such social, technological and cultural transformations impact on how individuals live their gendered, bodily and intimate lives. Diversification of gendered, sexual and intimate practices, and advances in health care practices and reproductive technology, have significantly altered contemporary experiences of pregnancy and birth. Changing social and cultural attitudes about gender and sexual diversity, and legal advances around sexuality and parenting, have enabled the recognition of same-sex and gender diverse partnerships and allowed equal access to fostering, adoption and assisted reproductive technology. Over the last decade, same-sex parenting practices have received increasing social and cultural visibility, while legal shifts have foregrounded the rights of same-sex people to parent. Moreover, lesbian and gay parenting has emerged as a central site of inquiry within the field of sexuality studies, and in sociological studies of intimacy, kinship and personal life. Transgender practices of parenting, however, have received much less attention across social, cultural, legal, and academic spheres. Aspects of Hines' (PI) earlier work (2007; 2010) have considered the impact of gender transition on parenting relationships-thus exploring parenting through gender shifts. This project takes a different, and uncharted, turn in exploring the experiences of trans people who become parents after transition. In considering the relationship between gender identity, the gendered bodily, and masculinity and femininity at subjective levels, the project seeks to examine how trans male narratives of pregnancy and birth bring new understandings to the embodied and gendered processes of parenting. Legal and policy change pertaining to gender diversity has brought some levels of parity in terms of the relationship and parenting rights of gender diverse people. This project will examine the extent to which law and policy at international levels supports the health needs of this group of trans men and will consider the degree to which legal and policy frameworks impact upon decisions to become pregnant. Health care is a key area of trans campaigning organisations. It will explore the extent to which trans men feel supported and understood by health care professionals at pre and neo natal stages. At academic and practitioner levels, shifting family practices are linked to changes in reproductive technology. The project will address developments in reproductive technology and consider the level of which such advances impact on trans male pregnancy.Findings will be disseminated to interdisciplinary academic audiences, policy makers, health and medical professionals and practitioners, and stakeholders at international levels.