Pregnant Men: An International Exploration of Trans Male Experiences and Practices of Reproduction

许多男性跨性别者(以下称为“跨性别者”)在没有接受切除生殖器官或重建生殖器的手术的情况下进行变性。因此，从女性到男性的性别转变并不一定会剥夺生育的能力，或者更重要的是，不一定会剥夺生育的欲望。该项目的总体目标是深入了解越来越多的男性在性别转变后可能寻求怀孕和生育的做法、经验和保健需求。该项目将使用一系列定性方法，包括访谈、焦点小组、虚拟分析和可视化方法。为了考虑国家和国际护理标准和健康实践、不同的福利制度以及不同的法律框架对跨性别者的承认的重要性，该项目将包括英国、美国、澳大利亚、波兰和意大利。变性男性怀孕表明，在不断变化的社会制度、技术进步和文化理解的发展中，性别和亲密行为发生了变化。反之亦然，这样的社会、技术和文化变革影响着个人如何生活在性别、身体和亲密的生活中。性别、性和亲密行为的多样化，以及保健做法和生殖技术的进步，极大地改变了当代的怀孕和生育体验。关于性别和性多样性的不断变化的社会和文化态度，以及围绕性行为和育儿的法律进步，使同性和性别多样的伙伴关系得到承认，并使人们能够平等地获得寄养、收养和辅助生殖技术。在过去的十年里，同性育儿的做法在社会和文化上受到了越来越多的关注，而法律的变化也突出了同性恋者为人父母的权利。此外，女同性恋者和男同性恋者的育儿方式已经成为性行为研究领域以及关于亲密关系、亲属关系和个人生活的社会学研究中的一个中心调查地点。然而，在社会、文化、法律和学术领域，跨性别育儿实践受到的关注要少得多。海因斯(PI)早期工作的方方面面(2007；2010)考虑了性别转变对育儿关系的影响--从而探索了通过性别转变养育子女的问题。这个项目在探索变性后成为父母的跨性别者的经历方面采取了一个不同的、未知的转折。在主观层面上考虑性别认同、性别化的身体以及男性化和女性化之间的关系，该项目试图研究跨男性怀孕和分娩的叙事如何给具体化和性别化的育儿过程带来新的理解。与性别多样性有关的法律和政策变化在一定程度上促进了不同性别人群在关系和育儿权利方面的平等。该项目将审查国际一级的法律和政策在多大程度上支持这一跨性别男性群体的健康需求，并将考虑法律和政策框架对怀孕决定的影响程度。医疗保健是跨性别竞选组织的一个关键领域。它将探索跨性男性在多大程度上感受到卫生保健专业人员在产前和新生儿阶段的支持和理解。在学术和从业人员层面上，家庭做法的转变与生殖技术的变化有关。该项目将涉及生殖技术的发展，并考虑这种进步对变性男性怀孕的影响程度。结果将分发给跨学科的学术受众、政策制定者、卫生和医疗专业人员和从业人员，以及国际一级的利益攸关方。

Many male transgender people (hereafter termed 'trans men') transition without undergoing surgery to remove their reproductive organs or reconstruct their genitals. Gender transition from female to male, then, does not necessarily take away the ability or, importantly, the desire to reproduce. The overall aim of this project is to gain an in-depth understanding of the practices, experiences, and health care needs of the growing number of men who may seek to, or become, pregnant and give birth after gender transition. The project will use a range of qualitative methods including interviews, focus groups, virtual analysis and visual methods. In order to consider the significance of national and international care standards and health practices, divergent welfare regimes and differing legal frameworks of recognition for trans people, the project will include the UK, US, Australia, Poland and Italy. Trans male pregnancy shows how shifts in gendered and intimate practices occur within changing social institutions, technological advances and developing cultural understandings. Vice versa, such social, technological and cultural transformations impact on how individuals live their gendered, bodily and intimate lives. Diversification of gendered, sexual and intimate practices, and advances in health care practices and reproductive technology, have significantly altered contemporary experiences of pregnancy and birth. Changing social and cultural attitudes about gender and sexual diversity, and legal advances around sexuality and parenting, have enabled the recognition of same-sex and gender diverse partnerships and allowed equal access to fostering, adoption and assisted reproductive technology. Over the last decade, same-sex parenting practices have received increasing social and cultural visibility, while legal shifts have foregrounded the rights of same-sex people to parent. Moreover, lesbian and gay parenting has emerged as a central site of inquiry within the field of sexuality studies, and in sociological studies of intimacy, kinship and personal life. Transgender practices of parenting, however, have received much less attention across social, cultural, legal, and academic spheres. Aspects of Hines' (PI) earlier work (2007; 2010) have considered the impact of gender transition on parenting relationships-thus exploring parenting through gender shifts. This project takes a different, and uncharted, turn in exploring the experiences of trans people who become parents after transition. In considering the relationship between gender identity, the gendered bodily, and masculinity and femininity at subjective levels, the project seeks to examine how trans male narratives of pregnancy and birth bring new understandings to the embodied and gendered processes of parenting. Legal and policy change pertaining to gender diversity has brought some levels of parity in terms of the relationship and parenting rights of gender diverse people. This project will examine the extent to which law and policy at international levels supports the health needs of this group of trans men and will consider the degree to which legal and policy frameworks impact upon decisions to become pregnant. Health care is a key area of trans campaigning organisations. It will explore the extent to which trans men feel supported and understood by health care professionals at pre and neo natal stages. At academic and practitioner levels, shifting family practices are linked to changes in reproductive technology. The project will address developments in reproductive technology and consider the level of which such advances impact on trans male pregnancy.Findings will be disseminated to interdisciplinary academic audiences, policy makers, health and medical professionals and practitioners, and stakeholders at international levels.