Touristic Competition, Securitisation, and the Creation of (In)Securities in Guatemala

旅游业是世界上最大的产业，也是发展的重要工具。全球南方的情况尤其如此，因为人们认为南方具有旅游业竞争优势，而且越来越依赖旅游业。虽然国家、组织和个人吸引和满足游客的能力是发展方面的严重关切，但旅游业与发展之间的联系不能被视为理所当然。有不同的旅游模式，其中一些被认为比其他模式更有利于经济发展和当地人。为了使旅游业为发展服务，联合国世界旅游组织呼吁“可持续”和“道德”的旅游形式。然而，随着越来越多的国家将旅游业作为发展工具，吸引和满足游客的竞争已经爆发和加剧。在这种高度竞争的环境中，真正可持续和合乎道德的旅游业更难实现和维持。因此，一个关键的全球性挑战是，在竞争日益激烈的环境中，如何鼓励和支持可持续和合乎道德的旅游业？在迎接这一挑战时，本项目转向旅游证券化的全球旅游竞争实践，或试图确保旅游经济和发展的游客的实践。在全球南方的许多地方，可持续旅游业受到人身安全问题的阻碍。事实上，游客流量受到预期风险和具体不安全事件的严重影响。同样，任何一个地方吸引游客的能力与游客的感知和实际个人安全感密切相关。虽然许多专家就如何为游客创造人身安全提出了建议，从而有望提高旅游目的地的竞争力，但游客/旅游业证券化所涉及的做法也会产生新的不安全因素，违背可持续和道德旅游的原则。在寻求鼓励和支持可持续和道德旅游业的过程中，该项目提高了人们对旅游证券化实践可以促进和/或挑战可持续和道德旅游业目标的各种方式的认识，并共同制定了替代旅游安全实践，以实现更可持续和道德的旅游业未来。危地马拉位于中美洲，以贫困、暴力和不安全而闻名，而不是旅游业。尽管如此，危地马拉政府已坚定地将目光投向成为世界上访问量最大的目的地之一。该项目是在对危地马拉主要旅游目的地-危地马拉安提瓜殖民地小城市（安提瓜）全球旅游竞争的日常做法进行人种学研究的基础上开展的。对于在安提瓜生活和/或工作的人来说，旅游安全问题主宰着日常生活。事实上，安提瓜当地人清楚地强调，游客对危地马拉不安全的看法或经历如何使他们的经济安全受到威胁，因此，他们旨在保护游客，以保护自己的生计。在关注旅游证券化实践的过程中，该项目强调了他们如何了解并告知交叉不平等，越来越多地采用新技术，以及非营利发展组织如何在旅游证券化中发挥重要而未被认可的作用。虽然安提瓜采用的许多旅游安全做法确实为（通常是外国）游客带来了更大的安全，但其他做法却给游客和当地人带来了新的不安全感，从而违背了可持续和道德旅游的原则，并最终将旅游业作为一种发展工具，增加了当地人的福祉。接下来，该项目主张采取一种旅游证券化的方法，使游客不再集中，而是专注于为所有人提供安全。

Tourism is the world's largest industry and a key tool of development. This is especially the case in the global South, which is thought to have a touristic competitive advantage and is increasingly tourism-dependent. While the ability of countries, organisations, and individuals to attract and satisfy tourists is of acute developmental concern, the link between tourism and development is not to be taken for granted. There are different models of tourism, with some deemed more economically developmental and beneficial to locals than others. In seeking to make tourism work for development, the United Nations World Tourism Organisation calls for 'sustainable' and 'ethical' tourism forms. However, as evermore countries turn to tourism as a development tool, competition to attract and satisfy tourists has exploded and intensified. In this highly competitive environment, truly sustainable and ethical tourism is made harder to achieve and maintain. A key global challenge, then, is how, in an increasingly competitive environment, can sustainable and ethical tourism be encouraged and supported?In taking up this challenge, this project turns to the global tourism competition practice of touristic securitisation, or the practice of securing tourists in attempts to secure tourism economies and development. In many places in the global South, sustainable tourism is hampered by questions of personal security. Indeed, tourist flows are highly affected by perceived risks and concrete insecurity events. Likewise, the ability of any one place to attract tourists is deeply connected to the perceived and actual personal (in)securities of tourists. While many experts offer advice on how to create personal security for tourists and, thus, hopefully improve tourism destination competitiveness, the practices involved in the securitisation of tourists/tourism can also create new insecurities which defy the principles of sustainable and ethical tourism. In seeking to encourage and support sustainable and ethical tourism, this project raises awareness of the diverse ways touristic securitisation practices can contribute to and/or challenge the goals of sustainable and ethical tourism, as well as co-produces alternative touristic security practices for more sustainable and ethical touristic futures. It does so in the context of Guatemala.Located in Central America, Guatemala is better known for poverty, violence, and insecurity than for tourism. Nevertheless, the Guatemalan government has firmly set its sights on becoming one of the world's most visited destinations. The project builds on ethnographic research on the everyday practices of global tourism competition in the small colonial city of La Antigua Guatemala (Antigua), Guatemala's main tourism destination. For people living and/or working in Antigua, questions of touristic (in)securities dominate everyday life. Indeed, Antigua-locals clearly highlight how tourists' perceptions or experiences of insecurity in Guatemala put their economic security at risk and, thus, they aim to protect tourists in an attempt to protect their own livelihoods. In focusing on touristic securitisation practices, the project highlights how they are informed by and informing of intersecting inequalities, are increasingly enrolling new technologies, and how non-profit development organisations are playing important and under-recognised roles in touristic securitisation. While many of the touristic security practices employed in Antigua do indeed create greater security for (often foreign) tourists, others create new insecurities for both tourists and locals, thus defying the principles of sustainable and ethical tourism, and ultimately the use of tourism as a tool of development that can increase local wellbeing. Following, the project argues for an approach to touristic securitisation that de-centres the tourist and instead focuses on providing security for all.