权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

In the Gulag's Shadow: Producing, Consuming and Perceiving Prisons in the Former Soviet Union

古拉格的阴影：前苏联监狱的生产、消费和感知

基本信息

批准号：
ES/R005192/1
负责人：
Laura Piacentini
金额：
$ 80.39万
依托单位：
University of Strathclyde
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2018 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FR005192%2F1
关键词：
Gulag Shadow Producing Consuming Perceiving

项目摘要

The Soviet Gulag was one of the most awesome expressions of penal power in world history. Yet, thirty years after the end of the Soviet Union research into punishment in the former Soviet Union is limited. Whereas criminology as a discipline is burgeoning in North America and Western Europe, in the former Soviet Union varying incarceration rates and the social and cultural legacies of the Gulag's continent-sized system of punishment has not been systematically studied. Yet, the region presents a number of puzzles that touch on our wider understanding of penal policy, cultures of punishment and societal attitudes. We describe these puzzles below. To explore them, we have chosen to compare Russia and Kazakhstan - the two biggest countries in the former Soviet Union that held the most Gulag sites during the Soviet period.Firstly, how do we map and explain change in prison rates and conditions across the post Soviet region? How can we understand why, since the year 2000 and against all predictions, many prison populations across the former Soviet Union have gone into decline? What political economic factors might explain this? How did policy makers in Russia and Kazakhstan go about constructing a penal policy and what shaped their preferences? What might it tell us about the driving factors that can explain decarceration in other contexts? Secondly, what do Russians and Kazakhs think about state-sanctioned punishment? Many political scientists believe that the rise of strong leaders and authoritarianism in Russia is a result of political culture. On this view, Russian attitudes - forged by history, geography and culture - favour particular undemocratic governance forms. Yet, despite the size and scale of the Gulag we know very little about how Russians or Kazakhs think about punishment, its predictability and severity, and how this mediates the relationship of citizens with their states and what citizens want from prisons today.Thirdly, how is punishment constructed culturally in products such as TV shows, films, songs and prison museums? How do Russians and Kazakhs consume these products and what meanings are conveyed through them? Theorists have debated the ways in which punishment is also a cultural practice. Despite the fact that one of the legacies of the Gulag has been a visual and musical culture that has become popularized in the present day, there has been no systematic study of this in the former Soviet Union, still less on the various prison museums that have emerged there. This is an important question as how citizens spectate on prisons and punishment often from afar can help to maintain a system of power. In investigating these questions, this research project aims to produce a unique, in depth study of the construction of punishment through state policy, societal attitudes and cultural forms in Russia and Kazakhstan. The project utilizes mixed methodologies taken from across academic disciplines. The methods include a social survey, interviews with policy makers, documentary analysis and desk-based statistical analysis as well as in situ cultural exploration at museum sites and interactions with cultural consumers.The research speaks to important topics about the nature of punishment, its embeddedness in society, culture and the economy and how this impacts upon prison rates and prison conditions. The project is high impact, generating unique data on: prison population trends, a documentary film on penal spectatorship, a large survey database on attitudes to punishment and focus groups for others to use and analyse. The project works with a number of key stakeholders who wish to better understand the use and meaning of prison in Russia and Kazakhstan today. These include government bodies such as the general prosecutor's office of Kazakhstan, national NGOs in the post-Soviet region, and international organizations such as the Council of Europe.

苏联古拉格是世界历史上最令人敬畏的刑罚力量的体现之一。然而，在苏联解体30年后，对前苏联刑罚的研究仍然有限。虽然犯罪学作为一门学科在北美和西欧蓬勃发展，但在前苏联，不同的监禁率以及古拉格大陆规模的惩罚制度的社会和文化遗产尚未得到系统的研究。然而，该地区提出了一些难题，触及我们对刑事政策，惩罚文化和社会态度的更广泛理解。我们在下面描述这些谜题。为了探究这些问题，我们选择了俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦--这两个前苏联最大的国家在苏联时期拥有最多的古拉格遗址。首先，我们如何绘制和解释后苏联地区监狱率和条件的变化？我们如何理解为什么自2000年以来，与所有预测相反，前苏联各地的许多监狱人口都在下降？什么样的政治经济因素可以解释这一点？俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦的政策制定者是如何构建刑罚政策的？是什么塑造了他们的偏好？它能告诉我们什么驱动因素可以解释其他情况下的脱钙？其次，俄罗斯人和哈萨克斯坦人对国家制裁的惩罚有什么看法？许多政治学家认为，俄罗斯强势领导人和威权主义的崛起是政治文化的结果。根据这一观点，俄罗斯人的态度-由历史、地理和文化形成的-偏爱特定的非民主治理形式。然而，尽管古拉格的规模和规模，我们对俄罗斯人或哈萨克人如何看待惩罚、惩罚的可预测性和严重性，以及惩罚如何调节公民与国家的关系，以及公民今天对监狱的需求知之甚少。第三，惩罚是如何在电视节目、电影、歌曲和监狱博物馆等产品中进行文化构建的？俄罗斯人和哈萨克人如何消费这些产品，通过它们传达了什么意义？理论家们一直在争论惩罚是如何成为一种文化习俗的。尽管古拉格的遗产之一是一种视觉和音乐文化，这种文化在今天已经流行起来，但在前苏联，对此还没有系统的研究，更不用说在那里出现的各种监狱博物馆了。这是一个重要的问题，因为公民如何经常从远处观看监狱和惩罚有助于维持一个权力体系。在调查这些问题时，该研究项目旨在通过俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦的国家政策，社会态度和文化形式对惩罚的建设进行独特的深入研究。该项目采用了跨学科的混合方法。研究方法包括社会调查、政策制定者访谈、文献分析和案头统计分析，以及博物馆遗址的现场文化探索和与文化消费者的互动。研究涉及惩罚的性质、其在社会、文化和经济中的嵌入性以及这对监狱率和监狱条件的影响等重要主题。该项目影响很大，产生了以下方面的独特数据：监狱人口趋势、一部关于刑事旁观的纪录片、一个关于对惩罚的态度的大型调查数据库以及供他人使用和分析的重点群体。该项目与许多希望更好地了解当今俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦监狱的使用和意义的关键利益攸关方合作。其中包括哈萨克斯坦总检察长办公室等政府机构、后苏联地区的国家非政府组织以及欧洲理事会等国际组织。