From coercion to consent: social identity, legitimacy, and a process model of police procedural justice (CONSIL).

合法性的概念是民主警务的核心：在民主社会中，警察必须通过公正行事，适度使用强制手段，并说服公民他们是一个有权被服从的机构，来寻求和维持公众的支持。然而，有多个高度边缘化的社区，对他们来说，警察的非法性，不遵守，冲突和警察胁迫的经验是规范的看法。程序正义理论以公正性、合法性、警民认同和规范遵从为核心，是理解如何改善警民关系的有益模式。但有几个方面的理论，限制了其政策相关性的警务边缘化群体-即那些与警察有最多的接触。首先，PJT研究集中在一般人群，只有很少的亚人群。虽然我们非常了解人们一般如何理解和解读警务工作，以及公平在这种理解中的作用，但我们不太了解一般经验如何影响到与警察互动关系最密切、与警察长期关系不佳和/或日益成为警察战略优先事项重点的人口部分（例如，保护、激进化、反社会行为、抗议团体）。第二，现存的研究严重依赖于调查数据和相关分析，迫切需要基于实验室的实验来建立因果关系，并描述连接程序正义、合法性和法律相关行为的主观过程。第三，有一个相关的失败，以解决的性质和作用的社会认同，群体间的关系，以及动态的警察-公众互动的调解人的公平性，合法性，和compliance.This项目将解决这些限制，通过开发两个平行的研究方案。首先，我们将使用人种学方法，以获得直接的半结构化的观察数据的一系列警察与边缘化群体在一系列的背景下的互动。我们将与参与这些遭遇的人（警察，“公民”，观察员）进行访谈，以解释遭遇是如何经历，处理和判断的。当逮捕（或其他形式的刑事司法行动）发生时，我们将通过在刑事司法程序中跟踪这些人，对参与该过程的各个利益相关者进行进一步的一系列访谈和问卷调查，从而开发纵向数据。我们还将获得有关遭遇的性质和背景的统计数据（例如停止和搜索统计数据）。第二，我们将把一系列警民互动转化为一个完全沉浸式的虚拟现实（VR）项目，参与者将通过耳机体验一系列实验研究。实验和人种学的部分将探讨以下问题：1）“社会认同”在程序公平感中扮演什么样的角色？2)什么样的背景因素塑造了人们对警察活动公平性的看法，这些因素是如何通过互动和互动中发生变化的？3)边缘化/被排斥群体是否以不同的方式适应警察行为的公平性，以及与警察的互动动态如何塑造或破坏这种边缘化？4)警察程序公正（不公正）的经历对有关个人后来的行为有什么影响？通过解决这些问题，该项目将推进我们的理论理解的方式，警察可以远离胁迫对一个基于同意的方法之间的高度边缘化和“难以达到”的群体;理论知识，将提供应用的好处，为一系列不同的利益相关者。

The concept of legitimacy lies at the heart of democratic policing: in a democratic society, police must seek and maintain public support by acting impartially, using coercion proportionately, and persuading the citizenry that they are an institution that is entitled to be obeyed. Yet, there are multiple highly marginalised communities for whom perceptions of police illegitimacy, non-compliance, conflict, and experiences of police coercion are the norm. With its central focus on fairness, legitimacy, identification between police and public, and normative compliance, Procedural Justice Theory (PJT) is a useful model to understand how to improve police community relations. But there are several aspects of the theory that limit its policy relevance in relation to policing marginalised groups - i.e. those with whom police have most contact.First, PJT research focuses on the general population and only infrequently on sub-populations. While we know much about how people in general understand and read policing, and the role of fairness in such understandings, we know less about how general experiences feed across to those parts of the population who have most at stake in their interactions with officers, who have long histories of problematic relations with police, and/or are increasingly the focus of police strategic priorities (e.g. safeguarding, radicalisation, anti-social behaviour, protest groups). Second, there is a heavy reliance in extant research on survey data and correlational analysis, and there is a pressing need for laboratory-based experiments to establish causal relations and delineate the subjective processes linking procedural justice, legitimacy, and law-related behaviour. Third, there is a related failure to address the nature and role of social identity, intergroup relations, and the dynamics of police-public interaction as mediators of fairness, legitimacy, and compliance.This project will address these limitations by developing two parallel programmes of research. First, we will use ethnographic methods to obtain direct semi-structured observational data of a series of police interactions with marginalised groups across a range of contexts. We will conduct interviews with the people involved in those encounters (police, 'citizen', observer) to interpret how encounters were experienced, processed, and judged. When arrests (or other forms of criminal justice action) take place, we will develop longitudinal data by tracking those individuals through the criminal justice processes, undertaking a further series of interviews and questionnaires with various stakeholders involved in that process. We will also have access to statistical data concerning the nature and context of the encounters (e.g. stop and search statistics). Second, we will translate a series of police-public encounters into a fully immersive Virtual Reality (VR) programme that participants will experience via headsets to engineer a series of experimental studies.Both experimental and ethnographic strands will explore the following questions: 1) What specific role(s) does 'social identity' play in perceptions of procedural fairness? 2) What contextual factors shape people's perceptions of the fairness of police activity and how do these change through and within interaction? 3) Are marginalized/excluded groups attuned to the fairness of police behaviour in different ways, and how do the dynamics of interaction with police officers shape or undermine this marginalisation? 4) What effect does the experience of police procedural (in)justice have on the subsequent behaviour of the individuals concerned? By addressing these questions the project will advance our theoretical understanding of the ways police can move away from coercion toward a consent-based approach among highly marginalised and 'difficult to reach' groups; theoretical knowledge that will provide applied benefit for a range of different stakeholders.