Community energy and sustainable energy transitions in Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique (CESET)

埃塞俄比亚、马拉维、莫桑比克的社区能源和可持续能源转型 (CESET)

• 批准号: ES/T006358/1
• 负责人: Vanesa Castan Broto
• 金额: $ 181.51万
• 依托单位: University of Sheffield
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FT006358%2F1
• 关键词: Community; energy; sustainable; transitions; Ethiopia

The 2019 Energy Progress Report shows the need to step up efforts to link on-grid and off-grid strategies to facilitate access to electricity (EIA et al, 2019). According to the report, eight of the twenty countries with the largest deficits in access to electricity are in East Africa, including Ethiopia, Malawi, and Mozambique. In countries facing such significant gaps in energy access, the rapid adoption of renewable energy may help to deliver access to energy sustainably. The growing availability of renewable technologies in East Africa's countries suggests that such a transition is possible. However, technology alone will not solve the challenge of energy access. A transition to sustainable energy needs to prioritise the social needs of excluded and disadvantaged groups. Responding to people's energy needs requires institutional, organisational, and financial models of energy delivery that prioritise social benefits over profits. New models of energy delivery have been developed to involve communities in the design and management of off-grid systems. While the size and technologies used vary, all Community Energy Systems (henceforth CESs) incorporate the perspectives of beneficiaries on electricity generation and distribution through collaborative mechanisms for decision-making. CESs can provide additional capacity to existing grids, provide off-grid services where the grid is absent, and bridge on-grid and off-grid systems. The project CESET brings together researchers from political science, human geography, engineering and technology providers to understand the role of CESs in advancing a just sustainable energy transition that will bridge the energy access gap in East Africa. Our focus is in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Mozambique, three countries where there is considerable local enthusiasm about CESs. Proponents of CESs argue that they can foster deep structural transformations in countries facing large electricity deficits. First, by giving ownership to communities, CESs challenge the political economy of energy and reveal energy-related inequalities. Second, by demonstrating new modes of service provision, CESs can diversify the institutional landscape of energy delivery. Third, by incorporating the concerns of the more disadvantaged populations in the design and management of energy services, CESs can respond to their needs directly and generate innovations tailored to those needs.There is little evidence of how CESs work in practice and their impacts in East Africa because of the shortage of data on CESs, and energy systems more generally. There is a need to renew policy and practice. Research and interventions often rely on technological blueprints that do not fit the institutional and material conditions in which CESs operate. Moreover, conceptualisations of communities as harmonious, homogenous units obscure the multiple forms of exclusion that influence energy access and infrastructure management. There is already an international consensus about the need for disaggregated data to understand the gender gap in energy access. CESET advocates going beyond by considering the intersection of gender with multiple social characteristics that may also lead to exclusion from energy services (such as age, sexual orientation, ethnicity, place of origin). CESET will produce three outcomes to address this challenge. CESET's theoretical framework will recognise the variety of CESs models and how they interact with multiple variables of community diversity. CESET will also characterise the landscape of operation of CESs in East Africa at three scales: local, national, and regional. Further learning will happen with the activation of a Community Energy Lab in Mozambique to compile evidence of what works in practice. CESET's efforts will lead to the creation of a Regional Energy Learning Alliance to deliver a long-term research programme and support trans-sectorial learning on CESs in East Africa.

《2019年能源进展报告》显示，有必要加大力度，将并网和离网战略联系起来，以促进电力供应（EIA等，2019）。根据这份报告，在20个电力短缺最严重的国家中，有8个在东非，包括埃塞俄比亚、马拉维和莫桑比克。在能源获取方面存在如此巨大差距的国家，迅速采用可再生能源可能有助于可持续地提供能源。东非国家可再生能源技术的日益普及表明，这种过渡是可能的。然而，仅靠技术并不能解决能源获取的挑战。向可持续能源过渡需要优先考虑受排斥和弱势群体的社会需求。响应人们的能源需求需要机构，组织和能源交付的金融模式，优先考虑社会效益而不是利润。开发了新的能源输送模式，让社区参与离网系统的设计和管理。虽然规模和使用的技术各不相同，但所有社区能源系统都通过协作决策机制纳入了受益者对发电和配电的看法。CES可以为现有电网提供额外的容量，在没有电网的情况下提供离网服务，并连接并网和离网系统。CESET项目汇集了来自政治学，人文地理学，工程和技术提供商的研究人员，以了解CESs在推进公正的可持续能源转型方面的作用，这将弥合东非的能源获取差距。我们的重点是埃塞俄比亚、马拉维和莫桑比克，这三个国家对社区教育服务有着相当大的热情。CESs的支持者认为，CESs可以促进面临严重电力短缺的国家的深层结构转型。首先，通过将所有权赋予社区，CESs挑战了能源的政治经济学，并揭示了与能源有关的不平等。第二，通过展示新的服务提供模式，能源服务公司可以使能源提供的体制格局多样化。第三，通过在设计和管理能源服务时考虑到处境较不利的人口的关切，持续环境服务可以直接满足他们的需要，并产生适合这些需要的创新，由于缺乏关于持续环境服务和更普遍的能源系统的数据，几乎没有证据表明持续环境服务在实践中如何运作及其在东非的影响。有必要更新政策和做法。研究和干预措施往往依赖于不适合社区教育服务机构运作的体制和物质条件的技术蓝图。此外，将社区概念化为和谐、同质的单位，掩盖了影响能源获取和基础设施管理的多种形式的排斥。国际社会已经达成共识，认为需要分类数据来了解能源获取方面的性别差距。CESET提倡超越，考虑性别与多种社会特征的交叉，这些特征也可能导致被排除在能源服务之外（如年龄、性取向、种族、原籍地）。CESET将产生三个成果来应对这一挑战。CESET的理论框架将认识到CES模型的多样性，以及它们如何与社区多样性的多个变量相互作用。CESET还将在地方、国家和区域三个层面上评估CESS在东非的运作情况。随着莫桑比克社区能源实验室的启动，将进一步学习，以汇编实践中行之有效的证据。CESET的努力将导致区域能源学习联盟的创建，以提供长期研究计划并支持东非CES的跨部门学习。

项目成果

Briefing paper: Financial aspects of micro- and pico- community energy systems

简报：微型和微型社区能源系统的财务问题

• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Castán Broto V

Briefing paper: Comments on Mozambique's new regulation for off-grid energy

简报：对莫桑比克离网能源新规的评论

• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Castán Broto V

Chapter 5 "Securing a Greener Urban Future" of The World Cities Report 2022: Envisaging the Future of Cities

《2022 年世界城市报告》第五章“确保更加绿色的城市未来”：展望城市的未来

• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Castán Broto, V

Briefing paper: Towards an intersectional perspective on community energy

简报：对社区能源采取交叉视角

• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Castán Broto V

The anatomy of change in urban infrastructure landscapes: cooking landscapes in Maputo, Mozambique

城市基础设施景观变化剖析：莫桑比克马普托的烹饪景观

• DOI: 10.1080/01426397.2022.2040971
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Landscape Research
• 影响因子: 1.8
• 作者: Castán Broto V