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Towards Brown Gold?: Reimagining off-grid sanitation in rapidly urbanising areas in Asia and Africa

迈向棕金？：重新构想亚洲和非洲快速城市化地区的离网卫生设施

基本信息

批准号：
ES/T008113/1
负责人：
Lyla Mehta
金额：
$ 226.69万
依托单位：
Institute of Development Studies
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FT008113%2F1
关键词：
Towards Brown Gold Reimagining off

项目摘要

Once viewed as the 'the last taboo' in international development, sanitation is now considered pivotal for human wellbeing, productivity and health, and to realising all the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Currently, 4.5 billion people lack safely managed sanitation with about 700 million defecating in the open (WHO 2019) exposing them to various health hazards. Work and time burdens as a result of unmet or poor sanitation are disproportionate for these marginalised groups (especially women) who are not only users of inappropriate services, they are often the service providers of high-risk, poor quality sanitation facilities and infrastructure. BROWN GOLD focuses on marginality, sanitation and wastewater challenges in five growing towns in Ethiopia, Ghana, India and Nepal. While toilet coverage has increased in all these towns due to massive and capital intensive sanitation campaigns, they have neglected a portion of the population, in particular, poor residents, migrants, lower castes, landless slum-dwellers and scavengers who are still denied their basic rights to clean water and safely managed sanitation. They live in areas not connected to centralised systems and are unlikely to be in the foreseeable future. This has important social and health consequences for these communities linked to the invisible flows of dangerous pathogens and water quality contamination. We view these challenges as an opportunity to rethink and reimagine these off-grid areas that fall beyond central urban planning as a fertile ground for social and technological innovations that are people centred, sustainable, equitable and in line with the idea of the circular economy. Indeed, faecal sludge is rich in water, nutrients and organic compounds, but the potential of this 'brown gold' remains hidden in the sludge and thus largely untapped. We will explore ways to re-use shit with the view to ensure that these innovations help address the sanitation crisis, enhance local livelihoods and the local and regional economies and the well-being of the excluded and marginalised. The project asks: 1) How do local communities perceive, experience and live with off-grid sanitation challenges and how do these lead to processes of marginalisation? 2) Which kinds of socio- technical and institutional processes/ innovations are required to re-imagine shit as 'brown gold' in ways that are environmentally safe, economically viable and also tackle social exclusions? 3) How can these locally appropriate innovations be facilitated to be socio-culturally acceptable, and socially inclusive? What are the trade-offs? 4) What kinds of policy, business and regulatory frameworks enable/ disable the uptake, scaling up and sustenance of these innovations? These questions will be addressed by an interdisciplinary team bringing together social science, law, engineering, microbiology as well as creative arts. We will facilitate bottom up socio-technical processes and innovations co-produced between user communities, private entities, state agencies and civil society. We will employ an innovative mixed-methods approach, bringing together ethnographic, participatory, creative, quantitative and scientific data collection methods to examine whether innovations to consider shit as a resource or 'brown gold' can be a lens to reimagine the city. The project will generate evidence, knowledge and learning that will be useful to a range of academic and policy audience.In the long term, it is anticipated that the evidence generated through this project will inform the local, national and potentially global policy discourses and strategies on WASH in non-networked urban contexts, strengthen people centred, and bottom-up views on delivering WASH and urban planning programmes and augment opportunities for cross-learning across countries in water, health and sanitation sectors,

卫生设施曾被视为国际发展中的“最后禁忌”，现在被认为是人类福祉、生产力和健康以及实现所有联合国可持续发展目标的关键。目前，全球有45亿人缺乏安全管理的卫生设施，约有7亿人露天排便（世卫组织，2019年），使他们面临各种健康危害。这些边缘化群体（特别是妇女）不仅使用不适当的服务，而且往往是高风险、质量差的卫生设施和基础设施的服务提供者。BROWN GOLD专注于埃塞俄比亚、加纳、印度和尼泊尔五个不断发展的城镇的边缘化、卫生和废水挑战。虽然由于开展了大规模的资本密集型卫生运动，所有这些城镇的厕所覆盖率都有所提高，但它们忽视了一部分人口，特别是贫困居民、移民、低种姓、无地贫民窟居民和拾荒者，他们仍然被剥夺了获得清洁用水和安全管理的卫生设施的基本权利。他们生活在没有连接到中央系统的地区，在可预见的未来也不太可能。这对这些社区造成了严重的社会和健康后果，与危险病原体的无形流动和水质污染有关。我们将这些挑战视为一个机会，重新思考和重新想象这些不属于中央城市规划的离网地区，将其视为以人为本、可持续、公平并符合循环经济理念的社会和技术创新的沃土。事实上，粪便污泥富含水分、营养物质和有机化合物，但这种“棕色黄金”的潜力仍然隐藏在污泥中，因此在很大程度上尚未开发。我们将探索粪便再利用的方法，以确保这些创新有助于解决卫生危机，改善当地生计、地方和区域经济以及受排斥和边缘化群体的福祉。该项目要求：1）当地社区如何看待、体验和应对离网环境卫生挑战，以及这些挑战如何导致边缘化进程？2)需要哪种社会技术和制度流程/创新，以环境安全、经济可行并解决社会排斥问题的方式将粪便重新想象为"棕色黄金"？3)如何促进这些适合当地的创新，使其在社会文化上可接受，并具有社会包容性？什么是权衡？4)什么样的政策、商业和监管框架能够/不能吸收、推广和维持这些创新？这些问题将由一个跨学科团队解决，该团队汇集了社会科学，法律，工程，微生物学以及创意艺术。我们将促进自下而上的社会技术流程和创新，这些流程和创新在用户社区、私营实体、国家机构和民间社会之间共同产生。我们将采用一种创新的混合方法，将人种学、参与性、创造性、定量和科学的数据收集方法结合起来，研究将粪便视为资源或"棕色黄金"的创新是否可以成为重新构想城市的透镜。该项目将产生对一系列学术和政策受众有用的证据、知识和学习，从长远来看，预计通过该项目产生的证据将为地方、国家和潜在的全球关于在非网络化城市环境中讲卫生运动的政策论述和战略提供信息，加强以人为本，以及关于提供讲卫生运动和城市规划方案的自下而上的观点，并增加各国在水、健康和环境卫生部门相互学习的机会，