Britain and the European Community, 1 January 1973 - 5 June 1975: Policy, Party Politics and Public Opinion
英国和欧洲共同体,1973年1月1日至1975年6月5日:政策、政党政治和舆论
基本信息
- 批准号:ES/T00925X/1
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 12.1万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:英国
- 项目类别:Fellowship
- 财政年份:2019
- 资助国家:英国
- 起止时间:2019 至 无数据
- 项目状态:已结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
Britain has been called an awkward, reluctant and even abusive European, an island on the side-lines of the European continent which is at best apathetic, but at worst hostile to the European Union (EU). The referendum on 23 June 2016, in which 51.9% of voters in the UK opted to leave the EU, seems to confirm that characterisation. My forthcoming book explores an earlier moment in the contentious history of Britain and Europe: the period from Britain's entry to what was then called the European Community (EC) on 1 January 1973 to the referendum on 5 June 1975. It is the first study of Britain's policies towards the Community, the party-political and domestic disputes following accession, and the public reaction to the arguments made in the referendum campaigns.Despite the importance of this early period in UK-EC relations, there has been remarkably little scholarship on the subject. The literature tells us that Heath's government took Britain into the Community with high hopes. Entry to the EC, it was believed, would save the economy and define a clear postwar role for Britain. Yet 1973 was a turbulent year and despite the expectations surrounding membership, the government was disappointed with the results of accession. One year later Heath's successor, Harold Wilson, sought to renegotiate Britain's terms of membership, principally to quell divisions in his Cabinet, government and party. He broke with constitutional principles to suspend the collective responsibility of Cabinet in order for ministers to campaign ahead of the UK's first-ever national referendum. On 5 June 1975, 67% of British voters said 'yes' to Europe, on a turnout of 65%. The decision was described as an 'unequivocal' but 'unenthusiastic...vote for the status quo'.This narrative raises important points for further enquiry. Given the difficulties experienced by successive British governments in securing membership, it seems unlikely that entry to the Community would have been a smooth process, only to be pushed off-course by challenging circumstances. The renegotiation was undoubtedly a political tactic used by Wilson to manage his party, but it can also be viewed as part of a long-term approach, pursued since the 1950s, whereby Britain tried to change the Community to suit its national interests. Finally, the argument that voters were 'unequivocal' suggests that the referendum overcame previous volatility in public opinion. Thus, my book asks two questions. What are the domestic and international factors that account for the policies towards the EC pursued by Heath and Wilson? And what explains the outcome of the referendum? The central argument is that between January 1973 and June 1975, Britain's political elite attempted to transform their country's relationship with the Community from one characterised by uncertainty to a politically and publicly legitimised framework in which Britain could operate in the postwar world. For Heath, this was to be accomplished by delivering on the promises his government made about Britain's future in the EC. Over the course of 1973 this proved impossible due to the ways in which the government operated and, as a result, clashed with its Community partners. Given the division in his party, Heath's approach was not open to Wilson. Instead, he decided to hold a formal renegotiation and national referendum in order to end Labour's party-political debate and, by extension, legitimise membership. The campaigns asked voters to think about the Community in terms of everyday issues, like food prices, and bigger questions, such as Britain's sovereignty and postwar role in the world. This was an important national conversation, one which was influenced by the context of crisis in the 1970s and the long-term narrative of decline that had become integral to the British debate about European integration. In the end, voters may have said 'yes' to Europe, but they were left uncertain about whether they made the right choice.
英国一直被称为一个尴尬的、不情愿的、甚至是辱骂的欧洲人,一个位于欧洲大陆边缘的岛国,充其量是冷漠的,但最坏的情况是对欧盟(欧盟)充满敌意。2016年6月23日的全民公投中,51.9%的英国选民选择离开欧盟,似乎证实了这一特征。我即将出版的这本书探讨了英国和欧洲争议历史上的一个早期时刻:从1973年1月1日英国加入当时的欧洲共同体(EC)到1975年6月5日全民公决的时期。这是第一次研究英国对欧共体的政策,加入欧共体后的政党政治和国内争端,以及公众对公投运动中提出的论点的反应。尽管这一早期阶段在英国与欧共体关系中的重要性,但这方面的学术研究却非常少。文献告诉我们,希思政府对英国加入欧共体寄予厚望。人们相信,加入欧共体将拯救英国经济,并明确英国在战后的角色。然而,1973年是一个动荡的一年,尽管围绕成员的期望,政府对加入的结果感到失望。一年后,希思的继任者哈罗德·威尔逊试图重新谈判英国的成员资格,主要是为了平息内阁、政府和政党的分歧。他打破了宪法原则,暂停了内阁的集体责任,以便部长们在英国有史以来第一次全国公投之前进行竞选活动。1975年6月5日,67%的英国选民对欧洲说“是”,投票率为65%。这一决定被描述为一个“明确的”但“不热情的......投票赞成现状“。这一叙述提出了需要进一步调查的要点。考虑到英国历届政府在争取成员国地位方面所经历的困难,加入共同体似乎不太可能是一个顺利的过程,只会被充满挑战的环境推离轨道。重新谈判无疑是威尔逊用来管理他的政党的一种政治策略,但它也可以被视为自20世纪50年代以来英国试图改变共同体以适应其国家利益的长期策略的一部分。最后,选民“毫不含糊”的论点表明,公投克服了此前公众舆论的波动。因此,我的书提出了两个问题。希思和威尔逊对欧共体政策的国内和国际因素是什么?如何解释公投的结果?其核心论点是,在1973年1月至1975年6月期间,英国的政治精英试图将他们国家与共同体的关系从一个以不确定性为特征的关系转变为一个政治和公开合法化的框架,使英国能够在战后世界中运作。对希思来说,这是通过兑现他的政府对英国在欧共体的未来所做的承诺来实现的。在1973年的过程中,这被证明是不可能的,由于政府运作的方式,因此,与其共同体合作伙伴发生冲突。考虑到党内的分歧,希思的做法对威尔逊不开放。相反,他决定举行一次正式的重新谈判和全国公投,以结束工党的政党政治辩论,并进一步使成员资格合法化。竞选活动要求选民从日常问题(如食品价格)和更大的问题(如英国的主权和战后在世界上的作用)的角度来思考共同体。这是一次重要的全国性对话,受到20世纪70年代危机背景和长期衰落叙事的影响,衰落叙事已成为英国关于欧洲一体化辩论的组成部分。最后,选民们可能对欧洲说了“是”,但他们不确定自己是否做出了正确的选择。
项目成果
期刊论文数量(5)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
'The Empire of England': Enoch Powell, Sovereignty, and the Constitution of the Nation
《英格兰帝国》:伊诺克·鲍威尔、主权和国家宪法
- DOI:10.1093/tcbh/hwaa022
- 发表时间:2021
- 期刊:
- 影响因子:0.9
- 作者:Aqui L
- 通讯作者:Aqui L
The First Referendum: Reassessing Britain's Entry to Europe, 1973-75
第一次公投:重新评估英国加入欧洲,1973-75 年
- DOI:
- 发表时间:2020
- 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:Aqui Lindsay
- 通讯作者:Aqui Lindsay
'No' Vote Contingency Planning for the UK's 1975 Referendum
英国 1975 年公投的“反对票”应急计划
- DOI:10.5771/0947-9511-2020-1-107
- 发表时间:2020
- 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:AQUI L
- 通讯作者:AQUI L
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Lindsay Aqui其他文献
Macmillan, Nkrumah and the 1961 Application for European Economic Community Membership
麦克米伦、恩克鲁玛和 1961 年申请加入欧洲经济共同体
- DOI:
10.1080/07075332.2016.1245675 - 发表时间:
2017 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:0
- 作者:
Lindsay Aqui - 通讯作者:
Lindsay Aqui
Government policy and propaganda in the 1975 referendum on European Community membership
1975 年欧洲共同体成员资格公投中的政府政策和宣传
- DOI:
10.1080/13619462.2019.1588115 - 发表时间:
2020 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:0.7
- 作者:
Lindsay Aqui - 通讯作者:
Lindsay Aqui
Lindsay Aqui的其他文献
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