Muslim-Jewish encounter, diversity & distance in urban Europe: religion, culture and social model (ENCOUNTERS)

这项建议是为了研究以欧洲城市的犹太人和穆斯林为例的文化间、种族间和宗教间接触。这两个群体中最大的欧洲人口--绝大多数都是城市人口，集中在同一个城市，而且令人惊讶的是，他们往往集中在同一个街区--在法国、德国和英国，这些国家表面上遵循着不同的国家模式来构建多数与少数的关系，为比较研究在欧洲城市共同生活的可能性创造了理想的条件。尽管学术证据表明对犹太人的负面态度，尽管穆斯林在更广泛的社会中相互关联，但在当前的世纪，公共话语反而强调了他们之间日益增长的对抗，涉及中东事件（包括棘手的以色列/巴勒斯坦冲突）以及伊斯兰恐怖主义的兴起和随之而来的反恐战争。例如，评论家指出穆斯林是反犹太主义的主要肇事者。然而，人种学研究表明，城市居民区的关系往往更为复杂：日常商业交流，音乐和艺术场景中的文化交流，自发和制度化的宗教间倡议，怀旧的尝试，以恢复早期（真实的或想象的）欢乐的时期，和街头的日常接触是其中之一--但不一定是冲突的--为了解决缺乏专门对这两个少数群体进行比较研究的经验和概念研究的问题，我们将汇集广泛的定量态度数据和深入的定性（社区媒体的民族志和话语分析）研究。为了做到这一点，我们的跨国合作将探讨各国之间的特殊性和共同点，这些特殊性和共同点是由不同的国家历史和融合哲学以及围绕宗教在社会和政治生活中的地位的不同传统所形成的，也是由国家政策的地方差异所形成的，以便更好地了解不同类型的积极、中立和消极关系是如何产生的。这包括对各种移民和殖民历史的考察，以及对通常被认为是欧洲国家的经典模式--英国的“多元主义”、法国的“共和主义”、德国的“联邦主义”的考察，每一种模式都涉及到宗教生活和公共生活之间以及民族和种族身份之间的不同解决办法。然而，从国家一级到地方一级，情况可能看起来完全不同。因此，该项目将立足于具体的城市地点：每个国家都有两个城市地区，人口多样，包括重要的犹太人和穆斯林人口或历史，独特的定居模式，以及独特的城市治理方法。我们建议在六所领先的欧洲研究型大学进行跨学科合作，涉及社会学家，人类学家，城市学家和移民政策专家，有着良好的合作历史该项目的核心方法将是密集的，颗粒参与性观察在潜在的穆斯林-犹太人相遇的领域，结合定量分析的态度和话语分析的公共话语的网站。该项目将促进跨学科对话以及与社会利益攸关方的对话，借鉴城市及其社区的当地城市知识和技能。我们建立在互补的学术专长-城市和后殖民研究（英国），定量数据，媒体话语分析和宗教间研究（法国）和多样性/多元化的策展和管理（德国）。公众参与对研究也至关重要，因为奖学金有可能解决穆斯林和犹太社区利益相关者之间的筒仓问题，而且迫切需要促进更好的关系。

This proposal is for a study of intercultural, interethnic and interreligious encounters as exemplified by Jews and Muslims in urban Europe. The largest European populations of these two groups - overwhelmingly urban, concentrated in the same cities, and, strikingly, often in the same neighbourhoods - are in France, Germany and the UK, countries which on the face of it have followed different national models of framing majority-minority relations, creating ideal conditions for a comparative study of the possibilities of living together in urban Europe.Although the academic evidence indicates negative attitudes to Jews and to Muslims correlate with each other in wider society, in the current century public discourse has instead emphasised growing antagonism between them, relating to events in the Middle East (including the intractable Israel/Palestine conflict) and to the rise of Islamist terror and consequent war on terror. For example, commentators have pointed to Muslims as key perpetrators of antisemitism. Ethnographic research, however, suggests that relations in urban neighbourhoods are often more complex: everyday commercial exchange, cultural traffic within music and arts scenes, both spontaneous and institutionalised interfaith initiatives, nostalgic attempts to retrieve earlier (real or imagined) periods of conviviality, and banal contact in the street are among the many - but not necessarily conflictual - forms these relations can take.To address the lack of both empirical and conceptual research dedicated to comparative study of these two minorities, we will bring together a breadth of quantitative attitudinal data with a depth of qualitative (ethnographic and discourse analysis of community media) research. To do this our transnational collaboration will explore the specificities of and commonalities between the countries, shaped by different national histories and philosophies of integration and different traditions around the place of religion in social and political life, but also by local variations on national policies, to better understand how different types of positive, neutral and negative relations might arise.At the national scale, this includes an examination of the varied migration and colonial histories, and of the classical models often attributed to European countries-British "pluralism", French "republicanism", German "federalism", each involving a different settlement between confessional life and public life and between national and ethnic identities. However, the picture can look radically different zooming in from the national to the local level. Thus the project will be grounded in specific urban sites: two city-regions in each country, with diverse populations, including significant Jewish and Muslim populations or histories, distinctive patterns of settlement, and distinctive approaches to urban governance.We propose an interdisciplinary collaboration across six leading European research universities, involving sociologists, anthropologists, urbanists and migration policy experts, with a proven history of collaboration. The core of the project methodologically will be intensive, granular participative observation in areas of potential Muslim-Jewish encounter, combined with quantitative analysis of attitudes and discourse analysis of public discourse in the sites. The project will foster dialogue across academic disciplines and with societal stakeholders, drawing on local urban knowledges and skills from the cities and their neighbourhoods. We build on complementary academic expertise - urban and postcolonial studies (Britain), quantitative data, media discourse analysis and interfaith studies (France) and the curation and management of diversity/pluralism (Germany). Public engagement is vital to the research too, given scholarship's potential to address the silo working among Muslim and Jewish community stakeholders, and the urgent need to foster better relations.