SOLidarity in climate change Adaptation policies: towards more socio-spatial justice in the face of multiple RISks.

减缓政策不足以应对“危险的人为干扰”（IPCC, 2018），适应至关重要。气候变化适应政策需要解决物理影响，但也受到社会、政治和空间权衡的影响。在欧洲，在民主、团结和社会正义方面出现了重大的执行挑战。在制定政策时，我们必须预见到协商参与过程的分配影响。SOLARIS（“气候变化适应政策中的团结：面对多重风险走向更多的社会空间正义”）关注气候变化适应政策（CCAP）的社会空间不公正。SOLARIS旨在填补与气候变化适应政策有关的社会正义分析方面的空白。SOLARIS具有科学和社会两方面的目标和成果。它的目的是：发展概念和分析方法，以揭示ccap的社会正义观点，并为广泛的利益相关者（如决策者、从业者、公民等）探索政策和决策过程，以促进更好的参与过程。我们在SOLARIS项目中的假设是，社会和空间不平等的存在威胁着气候变化适应政策的实施和受影响公民的公平参与。面对气候变化和为帮助适应而实施的政策，可能会出现几种潜在的社会不公正现象：1)所经历的风险水平的不公正以及这些风险将如何受到气候变化的影响；2)与应对风险和实施气候适应的贡献水平有关的不公正；3)影响决策的能力水平的差异；4)应对和适应能力的不公正。了解这些不公正现象是如何发生的，谁处于有利地位，谁处于不利地位，以及以何种方式处于有利地位，对于实施社会可接受和公正的气候变化适应政策至关重要。洪水尤其如此，它是造成欧洲损失的主要气候和天气相关原因之一。通过洪水风险管理的视角，我们将评估气候变化适应政策的设计及其用于减少极端事件风险的工具。SOLARIS专注于那些更好地整合适应性行动的战略，侧重于防洪，调节水以减少影响以及洪水准备和恢复。将采用案例研究方法（每个国家2个）来分析已经实施或正在实施气候变化适应政策的案例。这种方法允许对正在进行的参与进行研究，并举例说明可能只有在实施后才会发现的社会空间不平等。基于来自四个国家（比利时、英国、芬兰和法国）的多学科研究，SOLARIS项目解决了两个问题：1)我们如何评估和绘制与实施气候变化适应政策相关的社会空间不平等？我们探讨了哪些因素使特定群体较少参与气候变化适应政策，并分析了它们的分布影响。（二）适应政策如何解决不平等问题？我们研究了实施了哪些团结机制，以及受影响群体如何参与适应政策。在定义和实施过程中，通过公民参与来研究决策过程中的整合。通过这两个研究问题，该项目有助于第一个呼吁优先事项：社会正义和参与。SOLARIS通过揭露不公正和团结的需要来解决适应气候变化的问题。它还旨在评估在洪水风险战略的情况下，公民在设计和实施CCAP规划工具期间的公众参与情况，以及这些过程如何影响结果的分配。

Mitigation policies are insufficient to deal with "dangerous anthropogenic interference" (IPCC, 2018) and adaptation is critical. Climate change adaptation policies need to address physical impacts, but are subject to social, political and spatial trade-offs. In Europe, major implementation challenges arise in relation to democracy, solidarity and social justice. We must anticipate the distributional impacts of deliberative participation processes when forming policies. SOLARIS ("SOLidarity in climate change Adaptation policies: towards more socio- spatial justice in the face of multiple RISks") focuses on social-spatial injustices of Climate Change Adaptation Policies (CCAP). SOLARIS aims to fill the gap in analysis of social justice in relation to climate change adaptation policies. SOLARIS has both scientific and societal objectives and outcomes. It aims to: develop conceptual and analytical approaches to reveal social justice perspectives of CCAPs and explore the policy and decision-making process for a large range of stakeholders (e.g. policy-makers, practitioners, citizens etc.) to facilitate better participatory processes.Our hypothesis in the SOLARIS project is that social and spatial inequalities exist and threaten the implementation of climate change adaptation policies and the equitable involvement of affected citizens. Several potential social injustices may occur in face of climate change and policies implemented to assist adaptation: i) injustice in the levels of risk experienced and how these will be impacted by climate changes ii) injustice related to the level of contribution to tackling risk and implementing climate adaptation iii) differences in the level of ability to impact decision-making, and iv) injustice in the capacity to respond and adapt. Understanding how these injustices occur and who is advantaged or disadvantaged and in what manner is critical to implementing socially acceptable and just climate change adaptation policies.This is particularly true for floods, that are among the main climate and weather-related causes of damage in Europe. Through the lens of flood risk management, we will evaluate the design of climate change adaptation policies and the instruments that they use to reduce the risk from extreme events. Concentrating on those strategies which better integrate adaptive actions, SOLARIS focuses on flood prevention, the accommodation of water to reduce impacts and flood preparation and recovery. A case study approach will be adopted (2 per country) to analyse cases which have implemented, or which are in the process of implementing climate change adaptation policies. This approach permits the study of ongoing participation as well as exampling the socio-spatial inequalities that may only be revealed post- implementation.Based on multi-disciplinary research from four countries (Belgium, England, Finland, France), the SOLARIS project addresses two questions:i) How can we assess and map socio-spatial inequalities related to the implementation of climate change adaptation policies? We explore what factors make specific groups less involved in climate change adaptation policies and analyse their distributional impacts. ii) How are inequalities addressed by adaptation policies? We examine what solidarity mechanisms are implemented and how affected groups are engaged in adaptation policies. Integration in the decision-making process is studied through citizen participation during the processes of definition and implementation.Through these two research questions, the project contributes to the first call priority: Social justice and participation. SOLARIS addresses adaptation to climate change through revealing injustice and need for solidarity. It also aims to assess the public participation of citizens during the design and implementation of CCAP planning instruments in the case of flood risk strategies and how these processes impact on the distribution of outcomes.