Judicial independence in authoritarian and hybrid regimes

独裁和混合政权中的司法独立

• 批准号: ES/W007223/1
• 负责人: Nauman Reayat
• 金额: $ 12.38万
• 依托单位: CARDIFF UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FW007223%2F1
• 关键词: Judicial; independence; authoritarian; hybrid; regimes

Judicial independence has traditionally been associated with developed democracies. This has changed in the last few decades as judicial independence increased in countries with authoritarian (where powers are centralised in an office held by an individual or a group) and hybrid (a mix of autocratic and democratic features) regimes such as Colombia, Indonesia, and Pakistan. My doctoral research explored the unexpected emergence after 2005 of decisions against the government's political interests by the Supreme Court of Pakistan (SCP) which had, until then, shown little independence from military and political elites. The aim of my thesis was to explain how and why, in the context of authoritarian and hybrid regimes such as the three regimes in Pakistan from 2005 to 2013, the judiciary was able to increase its independence. I argued that several factors including the rise of the middle-class and media due to socio-economic changes, the emergence of a judge as a popular leader, and divisions within political elites contributed to the increase in judicial independence during these authoritarian and hybrid regimes in Pakistan. A key lesson offered by this research is that competition amongst, and between, disparate groups of elites and the middle class in their pursuit of different interests contributed to the increase in judicial independence. Building on my PhD, this fellowship aims to influence social and political actors contributing to judicial independence by widely disseminating the findings of my research and engaging directly with researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, judges, and the general public on the subject of judicial independence. First, I will consolidate my scholarly contributions to the field of judicial independence via two articles and by securing a leading publisher for the publication of monograph (based on my PhD thesis). Second, I will organise a closed workshop at the School of Law and Politics, Cardiff University towards the end of the project for members of key groups involved in judicial independence in authoritarian and hybrid regimes including researchers, practitioners, judges, civil society organisations, journalists, and policymakers. Academics and PhD students from different universities working in the area will be invited to attend the workshop. A number of key participants have already agreed to participate via Skype including representatives of civil society organisations and prominent journalists from Pakistan. A number of senior judges from Pakistan have expressed interest in attending subject to their schedules. A key individual from the Judicial Policy Making Committee of Pakistan(JPMCP) will also be invited to participate and to share the findings with senior judges responsible for judicial reforms. The goal of the workshop is to provide a forum to open up interdisciplinary discussions with key groups that go beyond the discussion of constitutions and instead invite critical discussions of the roles played by the social and political groups in increasing judicial independence in authoritarian and hybrid regimes. Third, I aim to improve my research network and research skills through participation in annual conferences of the Socio-legal Studies Association and the International Society of Public Law. Fourth, I will develop this research for a future funding proposal for a comparative project on judicial independence in countries with authoritarian and hybrid regimes including those in Colombia, Egypt and Indonesia. The project will also aim to investigate how international civil society organisations contribute to judicial independence in these regimes. Finally, my goal is to engage with a wider audience by creating a website for the posting of blogs on judicial independence in authoritarian and hybrid regimes and for uploading relevant data, research findings and reports.

司法独立历来与发达的民主国家联系在一起。在过去的几十年里，随着司法独立在独裁（权力集中在个人或团体担任的职位上）和混合（独裁和民主特征的混合）政权的国家（如哥伦比亚，印度尼西亚和巴基斯坦）中的增加，这种情况发生了变化。我的博士研究探讨了2005年后巴基斯坦最高法院（SCP）对政府政治利益的决定的意外出现，在此之前，巴基斯坦最高法院几乎没有表现出对军事和政治精英的独立性。我的论文的目的是解释，在独裁和混合政权的背景下，如2005年至2013年在巴基斯坦的三个政权，司法机构是如何以及为什么能够提高其独立性。我认为，几个因素，包括中产阶级和媒体的崛起，由于社会经济的变化，法官作为一个受欢迎的领导人的出现，以及政治精英内部的分歧，有助于增加司法独立在这些独裁和混合政权在巴基斯坦。这项研究提供的一个关键教训是，不同精英群体和中产阶级之间为追求不同利益而进行的竞争有助于提高司法独立性。在我的博士学位的基础上，该奖学金旨在通过广泛传播我的研究结果并直接与研究人员，从业人员，政策制定者，法官和公众就司法独立这一主题进行接触，从而影响有助于司法独立的社会和政治行为者。首先，我将通过两篇文章巩固我对司法独立领域的学术贡献，并确保一家领先的出版商出版专著（基于我的博士论文）。第二，我将在法律和政治学院，卡迪夫大学组织一个封闭的研讨会，接近项目结束时，参与独裁和混合政权司法独立的关键群体的成员，包括研究人员，从业人员，法官，民间社会组织，记者和政策制定者。将邀请在该领域工作的不同大学的学者和博士生参加讲习班。一些主要参与者已经同意通过Skype参与，包括来自巴基斯坦的民间社会组织和著名记者的代表。巴基斯坦的一些高级法官表示有兴趣参加，但要视其时间安排而定。巴基斯坦司法政策制定委员会的一名关键人士也将应邀参加，并与负责司法改革的高级法官分享调查结果。讲习班的目标是提供一个论坛，与主要群体开展跨学科讨论，不仅讨论宪法，而且邀请社会和政治团体就其在专制和混合政权中提高司法独立性方面所发挥的作用进行批判性讨论。第三，我的目标是通过参加社会法律研究协会和国际公法协会的年度会议来改善我的研究网络和研究技能。第四，我将发展这项研究，为未来的一个比较项目提供资金，该项目涉及独裁和混合政权国家的司法独立，包括哥伦比亚、埃及和印度尼西亚。该项目还旨在调查国际民间社会组织如何促进这些政权的司法独立。最后，我的目标是通过建立一个网站，张贴关于专制和混合政权下司法独立的博客，并上传相关数据、研究结果和报告，与更广泛的受众接触。