Sentencing and diversity: how do ethnicity and gender impact on the content and outcomes of sentences served in the community?

拟议的项目将增进我们对以社区为基础的制裁要求方面的种族和性别的理解。女王陛下的缓刑监察局在有关性别和种族的专题检查中认为，更好地了解这些关系至关重要。因此，该项目将有助于更好地制定知情的政策。平等不仅仅是平等对待每个人。平等需要兼顾多样性和包容性。采取一种考虑到妇女和男子的不同需要以及不同族裔群体的人的需要的刑事司法方法需要按性别和族裔分类的数据。拟议的项目将使用数据优先的数据集来检查基于社区的订单的不同要求的相对有效性-根据成功完成和未来犯罪的可能性进行评估-与种族和性别有关，同时控制年龄和犯罪等其他变量。回归分析将用于解决以下研究问题：o在控制了其他因素（例如年龄和罪行严重程度）后，不同族裔群体和男女在构成社区令和缓刑令的要求的数量和类型方面是否存在差异？o在成功完成学业和防止再犯方面，某些要求是否更有效？o要求的有效性是否因种族而异？对男性和女性是否相同？o由于未有遵从命令的规定而未能完成，会否增加在命令被终止后再犯罪行而被判入狱的可能性？o在违反命令的规定后，因其后的罪行而被判监禁的可能性是否因种族而异？这对男性和女性是否相同？在过去十年中，社区监禁的使用已经大大减少。在同一时期，立即拘留的使用有所增加。这是令人担忧的，因为社区判决可以使人们免于短期监禁。人们一直认为，在防止再次定罪方面，它们优于短期监禁，而且比拘留的费用低得多。社区监禁减少的原因之一是地方法官不再相信社区监禁是一种有效的替代措施，可以减少犯罪或改造罪犯。因此，关于在这方面哪些社区秩序要求最有效以及哪些人可能有助于恢复对其使用的信心的证据。该项目将审查成功完成社区订单方面的种族和性别差异在多大程度上导致使用监护方面的性别和种族差异。更好地了解针对不同人群的不同订单需求的有效性，可以改进基于社区的订单需求的使用。这可能有助于使人们远离监狱，减少不同人群在使用拘留方面的差距，从而提高刑事司法系统内的公平性和合法性。该项目的结果将在ADR英国网站上以用户友好的报告形式呈现，并附带一个博客。我们还将在ESRC社会科学节上播放一段主要研究结果的短片动画，并在谢菲尔德大学和ADR UK的网页上提供。此外，该项目还将产生：一个数据集，将法庭、缓刑和监狱数据集的变量与派生变量（如随后定罪的数量）结合起来，供其他研究人员使用；还有一个犯罪严重程度量表，可以被其他研究人员和政策制定者使用，例如针对资源。

The proposed project will improve our understanding of ethnicity and gender in relation to the requirements of community-based sanctions. Better understanding of these relationships has been identified as crucial by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Probation's thematic inspections in relation to gender and ethnicity. The project will therefore allow for better informed policy development.Equality is not just about treating everyone the same. Equality needs to take account of diversity and inclusivity. Adopting an approach to criminal justice which takes account of the different needs of women and men and the needs of people from different ethnic groups requires data that are disaggregated by gender and ethnicity. The proposed project will use the Data First datasets to examine the relative effectiveness of different requirements of community-based orders - assessed in terms of successful completion and the likelihood of future offending - in relation to ethnicity and gender, while controlling for other variables such as age and offence. Regression analyses will be used to address the following research questions:o Are there differences between ethnic groups and men and women in the number and type of requirements that make up community orders and suspended sentence orders, after controlling for other factors, such as age and severity of offence?o Are some requirements more effective in terms of successful completion and preventing reconviction?o Does the effectiveness of requirements vary by ethnicity and is this the same for men and women?o Does unsuccessful completion due to failure to comply with the requirements of an order increase the likelihood of a custodial sentence for a subsequent offence after termination of the order?o Does the likelihood of a custodial sentence for a subsequent offence after breaching the requirements of an order vary by ethnicity and is this the same for men and women?The use of community sentences has declined considerably over the last decade. Over the same time-period the use of immediate custody has increased. This is concerning because community sentences can divert people from short custodial sentences. They have consistently been found to be superior to short prison sentences in preventing reconviction and are considerably less costly than custody. One of the reasons put forward for the decline of community sentences is a loss of confidence by magistrates that they are an effective alternative to custody and can reduce crime or rehabilitate offenders. Therefore, evidence on which community order requirements are most effective in this regard and for whom could potentially contribute to restoring confidence in their use. The project will examine the extent to which ethnicity and gender differences in successful completion of community-based orders contribute to gender and ethnicity differences in the use of custody. A better understanding of the effectiveness of different order requirements for different groups of people could improve the use of community-based order requirements. This may help to keep people out of prison and reduce disparities between different groups of people in the use of custody, thereby improving fairness and legitimacy within the criminal justice system.Results of the project will be presented in user-friendly reports on the ADR UK website, with an accompanying blog. There will also be a short video animation of the key findings which will be shown at the ESRC Festival of Social Science and will be available on the University of Sheffield's and ADR UK's web pages. In addition the project will generate: a dataset which combines variables from the court, probation and prison datasets with derived variables, such as the number of subsequent convictions, which could be used by other researchers; and an offence severity scale which can be used by other researchers and also policy makers, in for example targeting resources.