The Role of Organised Victims in Transitional Justice in Turkey and Northern Ireland

有组织的受害者在土耳其和北爱尔兰过渡时期司法中的作用

• 批准号: ES/Y007433/1
• 负责人: Nisan ALICI
• 金额: $ 12.67万
• 依托单位: Queen's University Belfast
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FY007433%2F1
• 关键词: Role; Organised; Victims; Transitional; Justice

Despite the acknowledgement of the centrality of victims in transitional justice processes in principle, victim-centred advocacy and the agency of victims are still ignored as a political force (Sajjad, 2016; Robins, 2017). Victims as political actors mark an absence in transitional justice literature (Garcia-Godos, 2016), and this constitutes a lacuna which reflects the view that "victims are passive or apolitical" (Druliolle and Brett, 2018, p.2). My PhD explores the future directions of transitional justice in Turkey and the Kurdish conflict, specifically examining the victims' and other grassroots actors' perspectives, demands, and experiences. It makes a unique and novel contribution by positioning the Kurdish conflict within the field of transitional and transformative justice from a victim-centred perspective.Although there is a long legacy of state violence and atrocities, Turkey has never developed a transitional justice framework to deal with these past crimes, particularly in the Kurdish region. Using locally grounded data from in-person and online interviews with grassroots actors, the thesis shows that these actors have used transitional justice discourse to pursue truth, justice, and accountability. The empirical research, including a case study of the Saturday Mothers movement, shows that despite the absence of an official transitional justice agenda, or a peace agreement that sets out a transitional justice strategy, it was still possible to contribute to the transitional justice pillars of truth, justice, guarantees of non-recurrence, and memorialization. The findings also highlight how civil society can use the ongoing and unfolding process to develop a roadmap for a community-led transitional justice process.The research outlines learnings from the experience of bottom-up and agency-oriented efforts and approaches in Turkey. It argues that transitional justice as a field can benefit from incorporating more grassroots voices to move it beyond a prescriptive and elite-driven endeavour toward a more transformative agenda. Transitional justice theory and practice can also benefit from the Turkish case by better understanding how processes can work during, or are limited by, ongoing conflicts. There is a need for a nuanced approach to capture the contexts where the conflict continues alongside several attempts to deal with the past. My PhD research contributes to bridging that gap, by specifically examining the prospects, challenges and opportunities that transitional justice could offer during an ongoing conflict. By, referring to the grassroots efforts for truth and justice as transitional justice initiatives, this thesis rethinks Turkey as a case study to produce more knowledge on how transitional justice could be implemented in the absence of a fundamental political transition. It is also significant for documenting the perceptions of victims and other grassroots actors of victimhood and transitional justice.Through the fellowship I will consolidate and prepare the next stage of my academic career. The project has three broad aims: First, it aims to contribute to the bridging the gap between the empirical data on victims' agency and demands and the transitional justice scholarship. Second, it aims to make the PhD findings accessible to, and used by, practitioners, thereby generating strong impact on policy and practice for an ongoing conflict that has been long neglected in the field of transitional justice. Third, it seeks to position the fellow for leading a research grant for a collaborative and participatory project that builds on the PhD work. Overall, the fellowship will play a vital role in bridging the gap identified by my PhD findings: the disconnect between the theory of transitional justice produced and the practice that is shaped by victim groups' and grassroots organisations' mobilisation.

尽管原则上承认受害者在过渡时期司法程序中的中心地位，但以受害者为中心的倡导和受害者的代理作为一种政治力量仍然被忽视（Sajjad，2016; Robins，2017）。作为政治行为者的受害者标志着过渡时期司法文献的缺失（Garcia-Godos，2016），这构成了一个空白，反映了“受害者是被动的或不关心政治的”（Druliolle和Brett，2018，第2页）。我的博士学位探讨了土耳其和库尔德冲突的过渡司法的未来方向，特别是研究受害者和其他基层行动者的观点，需求和经验。它从以受害者为中心的角度将库尔德冲突置于过渡和转型司法领域，做出了独特而新颖的贡献，尽管土耳其长期存在国家暴力和暴行，但土耳其从未制定过渡司法框架来处理这些过去的罪行，特别是在库尔德地区。使用本地接地的数据，从面对面和在线采访基层行动者，论文表明，这些行动者使用过渡司法话语追求真相，正义和问责制。包括星期六母亲运动案例研究在内的实证研究表明，尽管没有正式的过渡时期司法议程，也没有规定过渡时期司法战略的和平协议，但仍然有可能为真相、正义、保证不再发生和纪念等过渡时期司法支柱作出贡献。调查结果还强调了民间社会如何利用正在进行的和正在展开的进程来制定社区主导的过渡时期司法进程的路线图。研究概述了土耳其自下而上和面向机构的努力和方法的经验教训。它认为，过渡时期司法作为一个领域可以受益于纳入更多的基层声音，使其超越规定性和精英驱动的努力，走向更具变革性的议程。过渡时期司法的理论和实践也可以从土耳其的案例中受益，更好地理解在持续的冲突中，这些进程如何运作，或如何受到持续冲突的限制。有必要采取细致入微的办法，了解冲突继续存在的背景，同时也有几次试图处理过去的问题。我的博士研究有助于弥合这一差距，通过具体研究的前景，挑战和机会，过渡时期司法可以在持续的冲突提供。通过将基层为寻求真相和正义所做的努力作为过渡时期司法举措，本文将土耳其作为一个案例研究，以更多地了解在没有根本政治过渡的情况下如何实施过渡时期司法。它也是重要的记录受害者和其他受害者和过渡司法的基层行为者的看法。通过奖学金，我将巩固和准备我的学术生涯的下一个阶段。该项目有三大目标：第一，旨在帮助弥合关于受害者的能动性和需求的经验数据与过渡时期司法研究之间的差距。第二，它旨在使博士研究结果，并使用，从业人员，从而产生强大的影响，对政策和实践的持续冲突，一直被忽视的过渡时期司法领域。第三，它旨在定位研究员领导一个合作和参与性项目，建立在博士工作的研究补助金。总的来说，奖学金将在弥合我的博士研究结果所确定的差距方面发挥至关重要的作用：产生的过渡司法理论与受害者团体和基层组织动员所形成的实践之间的脱节。