URBAN RETROFIT UK: Scaling up place-based adaptations to the built environment through planning and development systems

人们普遍认为，低密度发展是不可持续的，会产生大量的温室气体（ghg）。然而，英国的大部分开发项目都建在绿地上，那里的公共交通很差，服务也很匮乏。如果英国认真对待“净零排放”，那么就迫切需要新的规划和发展方式。“城市改造”被定义为通过调整城市形态来修复现有场所，以减少能源消耗和碳排放，保护环境并支持可持续的生活方式。社区布局的改变已经开始实施，包括通过基础设施项目，如单独的自行车道，鼓励高密度的规划政策，以及以社区为基础的项目，如城市绿化。问题在于，实施过程缓慢、支离破碎，而且争议越来越大。投资往往流向富裕地区，而不是最需要支持的社区，英国规划和发展系统的主要参与者面临各种交付挑战。规划部门与制度惰性和时间有限的资金作斗争，这意味着改造工作协调不力。房地产开发商坚持采用久经考验的商业模式，以降低风险，导致人们更喜欢低密度、单一用途的绿地开发，而不是棕地上的混合用途项目。社区面临能力挑战，地方适应能力经常受到质疑。如果英国要实现其净零目标并实现公正的过渡，那么必须优先考虑城市改造，公平指导并更有效地实施。URBAN RETROFIT UK将由英国住房证据合作中心领导，并与国际、国家和地方规划、财产和社区合作伙伴共同制作，包括五个英国核心城市——贝尔法斯特、布里斯托尔、卡迪夫、格拉斯哥和谢菲尔德。其目的是研究城市改造的障碍，挑战规划和发展的普遍增长逻辑，并共同制定一个概念框架，绘制通过规划和发展系统扩大改造所需的干预关键点。目标是：对国际合作伙伴提供信息的城市改造进行全球证据审查，并进行考察。与地方当局合作伙伴合作，确定和调查一系列城市改造案例，以了解哪些案例起作用，并查明可以弥补实施差距的地方。与合作伙伴合作，了解当前城市改造实践的空间不平等在哪里，以及如何解决“扩大”有效和公平实践的障碍。在英国和面临类似地方适应挑战的全球北方城市之间建立一个国际城市改造中心网络，并与城市改造背景不同但存在探索经验分享机会的全球南方城市建立新的双向学习伙伴关系。为了最大限度地跨越部门边界和地方之间的知识交流，URBAN RETROFIT UK的研究成果将在整个项目中与英国合作伙伴共同举办的活动中分享，并通过URBAN RETROFIT HUBS网络在国际上分享。关于英国规划和发展系统的新理论视角以及共同制作的城市改造经验证据将通过国际研讨会和证据审查、报告、电影和杂志文章以及包括文章和编辑书籍在内的学术产出进行分享。

It is widely recognised that low density development is unsustainable and generates significant Green House Gases (GHGs). Nevertheless, most UK development is built on greenfield land where public transportation is poor and services are scarce. If the UK is serious about 'net zero', then new ways of planning and developing are urgently required.'Urban retrofit' is defined as repairing existing places by adapting urban form to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, protect the environment and support sustainable lifestyles. Changes to the layout of neighbourhoods are starting to be delivered, including via infrastructure programmes such as separated bike lanes, planning policies that encourage high-densities, and community-based projects like urban greening.The problem is that implementation is slow, fragmented and increasingly controversial. Investment often flows to affluent places rather than communities in the greatest need of support, and the principal actors in the UK's planning and development systems face various delivery challenges. Planning authorities struggle with institutional inertia and time-limited funding meaning retrofitting is poorly coordinated. Property developers stick to tried and tested business models to reduce risk resulting in a preference for low density, mono-use greenfield development rather than mixed-use projects on brownfield land. Communities face capacity challenges and place adaptation is often contested. If the UK is to meet its net zero targets and achieve a just transition, then urban retrofitting must be prioritised, equitably directed and implemented more effectively.URBAN RETROFIT UK will be led by the UK Collaborative Centre for Housing Evidence and coproduced with international, national and local planning, property and community partners, including in five UK core cities - Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow and Sheffield. Its aim is to examine the barriers to urban retrofitting, challenge the prevailing growth-logic of planning and development, and coproduce a conceptual framework plotting the critical points of intervention needed to scale up retrofitting through planning and development systems. The objectives are to:Conduct a global evidence review on urban retrofit informed by international partners and a study tour.Identify and investigate a series of urban retrofit cases in collaboration with local authority partners to understand what is working and pinpoint where implementation gaps could be closed.Work with partners to understand where the spatial inequalities of current urban retrofit practice lie and how the barriers to 'scaling up' effective and equitable practices could be addressed.Establish an international URBAN RETROFIT HUBS network between UK and Global North cities facing comparable place-adaptation challenges and initiate new two-way learning partnerships with Global South cities where the context for urban retrofit is different but opportunities exist to explore lesson-sharing.To maximise knowledge exchange across sectoral boundaries and between places, URBAN RETROFIT UK's findings will be shared throughout the project at jointly delivered events with UK partners and internationally via the URBAN RETROFIT HUBS network. New theoretical perspectives on the UK's planning and development systems and coproduced empirical evidence on urban retrofit will be shared through an international symposium and evidence review, a report, film and magazine articles, and academic outputs including articles and an edited book.