From bats to humans: the social, ecological and biological dynamics of pathogen spillover

新发传染病对人类和动物健康构成巨大挑战。大多数新的疾病，如SARS和艾滋病毒/艾滋病，都起源于野生动物，据预测，未来还会有更多的新疾病从野生动物中出现。特别是，在过去的15年里，人类和家畜的一系列高毒性RNA（或核糖核酸）病毒疾病已经从蝙蝠中出现。这些病毒包括SARS、亨德拉病毒和尼帕病毒。此外，埃博拉和马尔堡致命的出血热现在已知是由蝙蝠的RNA病毒引起的。目前还不清楚为什么这么多新的和重要的疾病的人类有他们的起源inbats或如何这些疾病？溢出？从蝙蝠到人，但这些疾病的蔓延事件有许多潜在的机会发生。例如，人类与蝙蝠分享食物来源，狩猎和食用蝙蝠，以及与人类生活在一起的蝙蝠，无论是在房屋结构内还是在城市中栖息的大量蝙蝠。此外，还可能发生间接传播，即蝙蝠病毒感染其他动物，然后感染人类。在这个催化剂赠款提案中，我们的目标是建立研究人员之间的关系，以了解RNA病毒，其蝙蝠宿主和人类之间的复杂相互作用，以找出是什么原因导致蝙蝠病毒蔓延到人类以及如何预防。我们还旨在了解人们如何看待蝙蝠和从它们身上捕获的疾病，以及不同国家的医学界如何诊断这些疾病。这种知识和诊断的提高将减少公共卫生风险。该催化剂提案将用于创建一个由国际专家组成的跨学科团队，以调查蝙蝠和人类之间的病毒传播。我们将审查当前的学科特定的文献，并计划一个全面的，整体的研究方案，解决病毒从蝙蝠到人类的蔓延的复杂和交织的方面。将对感染溢出的潜在因素进行审查，纳入生态，医学，社会和环境观点，以及不断变化的环境和生计如何导致新型的蝙蝠-人类互动。最后一次研讨会将用于制定研究联盟提案的结构：将决定探索蝙蝠到人类病毒传播所需的具体研究问题和科学方法，并解决管理结构，沟通策略和用户参与等实际细节。

Newly-emerging infectious diseases pose a great challenge to human and animal health. Most new diseases, such as SARS and HIV-AIDS, originate from wild animals and it is predicted that many more new diseases will emerge from wildlife in the future. In particular, a series of highly virulent RNA (or ribonucleic acid) virus diseases of humans and domestic animals has emerged in the last 15 years from bats. These include SARS, Hendra virus and Nipah virus. Also, Ebola and Marburg fatal haemorrhagic fevers are now known to be caused by RNA viruses from bats. It is not yet understood why so many new and important diseases of humans have their origins inbats or how these diseases ?spill over? from bats into people, but there are many potential opportunities for these disease spillover events to occur. Examples include people sharing food sources with bats, the hunting and eating of bats and bats living in close proximity with people, either within the structures of houses or as massive populations roosting in cities. Also, indirect transmission can occur, whereby bat viruses infect other animals which, in turn, then infect people. In this Catalyst Grant Proposal, we aim to build relationships between researchers to understand the complex interactions between RNA viruses, their bat hosts and humans, in order to find out what causes bat viruses to spill over into people and how this can be prevented. We also aim to understand how people perceive bats and the diseases caught from them and how these diseases are diagnosed by the medical profession in different countries. This improved knowledge and diagnosis will reduce the public health risks. This catalyst proposal will be used to create an interdisciplinary team of international experts to investigate virus transmission between bats and humans. We will review current discipline-specific literature and plan a comprehensive, holistic programme of research that addresses the complex and interwoven facets of virus spillover from bats to humans. Reviews will be written on the factors underlying infection spillover, incorporating ecological, medical, social and environmental perspectives and how changing environments and livelihoods lead to new kinds of bat-human interactions. A final workshop will be used to develop a structure for a research consortium proposal: the specific research questions and the scientific approaches needed to explore bat-to-human viral transmission will be decided and practical details, such as management structure, communication strategies and user engagement, will be addressed.