Population-based salt intake survey to support the national salt reduction programme for Malaysia

基于人口的盐摄入量调查，以支持马来西亚国家减盐计划

• 批准号: MR/P012590/1
• 负责人: Feng He
• 金额: $ 18.5万
• 依托单位: Queen Mary University of London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=MR%2FP012590%2F1
• 关键词: Population; based; salt; intake; survey

Cardiovascular disease including strokes, heart attacks and heart failure, is the leading cause of death and disability in Malaysia and worldwide. Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, responsible for over 60% of strokes and almost 50% of coronary heart disease. High salt intake is the major cause of hypertension, accounting for about half of the disease burden attributable to blood pressure. Reducing salt intake to the World Health Organisation recommended level of 5 gram/day could prevent approximately 1.65 million cardiovascular deaths per year globally. There is also evidence that a reduction in salt intake may have many other beneficial effects on health. For example, a lower salt intake is associated with a reduced risk of stomach cancer, related to a lower risk of obesity directly or indirectly through a reduction in soft drink consumption, and associated with a reduced risk of kidney diseases and osteoporosis. Indeed, salt reduction is one of the most cost-effective public health policies to reduce non-communicable diseases. The World Health Organisation has recommended salt reduction as one of the top three priority actions to tackle the global non-communicable disease crisis. In Malaysia, the prevalence of hypertension is high with approximately one third of the adult population having hypertension in 2011. This figure continues to rise. It is estimated that 7.6 million adults would have hypertension by 2020. Salt intake in Malaysia is likely to be very high. The Ministry of Health Malaysia started a salt reduction initiative in 2010. However, the progress has been very slow and there is still lack of key contemporary data upon which to formulate policy and engage key stakeholders. We propose to carry out a cross-sectional study to determine the level of salt intake among the Malaysian adult population using the gold standard method, i.e. 24h urine collection. Additionally, we will assess the main sources of salt in the diet using food frequency questionnaire, and assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards dietary salt among the Malaysian adult population by completing a standardised questionnaire.Our study will provide valuable data which are urgently needed for the development and effective implementation of a national salt reduction programme in Malaysia. This will lower salt intake across the whole population and thereby prevent many thousands of unnecessary deaths from strokes, heart attacks and heart failure each year, and also lead to major cost-savings to individuals, their families and the health services. Although our study will be carried out in Malaysia, the research findings and the evidence-based salt reduction strategy developed in our study could potentially be generalisable to many other developing countries, particularly South East Asia. A reduction in salt intake, even by a small amount, across the whole population around the world will have enormous benefits in reducing the huge burden attributable to chronic non-communicable diseases.

心血管疾病包括中风、心脏病发作和心力衰竭，是马来西亚和世界各地死亡和残疾的主要原因。高血压是心血管疾病的重要危险因素，导致超过60%的中风和近50%的冠心病。高盐摄入量是高血压的主要原因，约占由血压引起的疾病负担的一半。将盐摄入量减少到世界卫生组织推荐的5克/天水平，全球每年可预防约165万例心血管死亡。还有证据表明，减少盐的摄入量可能对健康有许多其他有益的影响。例如，较低的盐摄入量与胃癌风险降低有关，与通过减少软饮料消费直接或间接降低肥胖风险有关，并与肾脏疾病和骨质疏松症风险降低有关。事实上，减盐是减少非传染性疾病的最具成本效益的公共卫生政策之一。世界卫生组织建议将减盐作为应对全球非传染性疾病危机的三大优先行动之一。在马来西亚，高血压患病率很高，2011年约有三分之一的成年人患有高血压。这一数字继续上升。据估计，到2020年将有760万成年人患有高血压。马来西亚的盐摄入量可能非常高。马来西亚卫生部于2010年启动了一项减盐倡议。然而，进展非常缓慢，仍然缺乏关键的当代数据，可据以制定政策和使关键利益攸关方参与。我们建议进行一项横断面研究，以确定马来西亚成年人口的盐摄入量水平，使用金标准方法，即24小时尿液收集。此外，我们将使用食物频率问卷评估饮食中盐的主要来源，并通过完成标准化问卷评估马来西亚成年人口对饮食盐的知识，态度和行为。我们的研究将为马来西亚制定和有效实施国家减盐计划提供急需的宝贵数据。这将降低整个人口的盐摄入量，从而防止每年成千上万的中风、心脏病发作和心力衰竭造成的不必要死亡，并为个人、家庭和卫生服务节省大量费用。虽然我们的研究将在马来西亚进行，但我们的研究结果和基于证据的减盐策略可能会推广到许多其他发展中国家，特别是东南亚。全世界所有人减少盐的摄入量，即使是少量的减少，也将在减轻慢性非传染性疾病造成的巨大负担方面产生巨大效益。

项目成果

Knowledge, attitude and behaviour on salt intake and its association with hypertension in the Malaysian population: findings from MyCoSS (Malaysian Community Salt Survey).

• DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00235-0
• 发表时间: 2021-05-31
• 期刊: Journal of health, population, and nutrition
• 作者: Baharudin A;Ambak R;Othman F;Michael V;Cheong SM;Mohd Zaki NA;Abdul Aziz NS;Mohd Sallehuddin S;Ganapathy SS;Palaniveloo L;He FJ
• 通讯作者: He FJ

Comment on Hogas et al. Salt, Not Always a Cardiovascular Enemy? A Mini-Review and Modern Perspective. Medicina 2022, 58, 1175.

• DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010051
• 发表时间: 2022-12-27
• 期刊: Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

2022 World Hypertension League, Resolve To Save Lives and International Society of Hypertension dietary sodium (salt) global call to action.

• DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00690-0
• 发表时间: 2023-06
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF HUMAN HYPERTENSION
• 影响因子: 2.7
• 作者: Campbell, Norm R. C.;Whelton, Paul K.;Orias, Marcelo;Wainford, Richard D.;Cappuccio, Francesco P.;Ide, Nicole;Neal, Bruce;Cohn, Jennifer;Cobb, Laura K.;Webster, Jacqui;Trieu, Kathy;He, Feng J.;McLean, Rachael M.;Blanco-Metzler, Adriana;Woodward, Mark;Khan, Nadia;Kokubo, Yoshihiro;Nederveen, Leo;Arcand, JoAnne;MacGregor, Graham A.;Owolabi, Mayowa O.;Lisheng, Liu;Parati, Gianfranco;Lackland, Daniel T.;Charchar, Fadi J.;Williams, Bryan;Tomaszewski, Maciej;Romero, Cesar A.;Champagne, Beatriz;L'Abbe, Mary R.;Weber, Michael A.;Schlaich, Markus P.;Fogo, Agnes;Feigin, Valery L.;Akinyemi, Rufus;Inserra, Felipe;Menon, Bindu;Simas, Marcia;Neves, Mario Fritsch;Hristova, Krassimira;Pullen, Carolyn;Pandeya, Sanjay;Ge, Junbo;Jalil, Jorge E.;Wang, Ji-Guang;Wideimsky, Jiri;Kreutz, Reinhold;Wenzel, Ulrich;Stowasser, Michael;Arango, Manuel;Protogerou, Athanasios;Gkaliagkousi, Eugenia;Fuchs, Flavio Danni;Patil, Mansi;Chan, Andy Wai-Kwong;Nemcsik, Janos;Tsuyuki, Ross T.;Narasingan, Sanjeevi Nathamuni;Sarrafzadegan, Nizal;Ramos, Maria Eugenia;Yeo, Natalie;Rakugi, Hiromi;Ramirez, Agustin J.;Alvarez, Guillermo;Berbari, Adel;Kim, Cho-il;Ihm, Sang-Hyun;Chia, Yook-Chin;Unurjargal, Tsolmon;Park, Hye Kyung;Wahab, Kolawole;McGuire, Helen;Dashdorj, Naranjargal J.;Ishaq, Mohammed;Ona, Deborah Ignacia D.;Mercado-Asis, Leilani B.;Prejbisz, Aleksander;Leenaerts, Marianne;Simao, Carla;Pinto, Fernando;Almustafa, Bader Ali;Spaak, Jonas;Farsky, Stefan;Lovic, Dragan;Zhang, Xin-Hua
• 通讯作者: Zhang, Xin-Hua

High sodium food consumption pattern among Malaysian population.

• DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00230-5
• 发表时间: 2021-05-31
• 期刊: Journal of health, population, and nutrition
• 作者: Ahmad MH;Man CS;Othman F;He FJ;Salleh R;Noor NSM;Kozil WNKW;MacGregor G;Aris T
• 通讯作者: Aris T

Risk factors related with high sodium intake among Malaysian adults: findings from the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS) 2017-2018.

• DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00233-2
• 发表时间: 2021-05-31
• 期刊: Journal of health, population, and nutrition
• 作者: Abdul Aziz NS;Ambak R;Othman F;He FJ;Yusof M;Paiwai F;Abdul Ghaffar S;Mohd Yusof MF;Cheong SM;MacGregor G;Aris T
• 通讯作者: Aris T