Characterisation of the role of NG2-glia and microglia in hypothalamo-pituitary axis coupling.

由于早期诊断和更好的治疗，80%的癌症儿童在发现疾病后5年内存活。这是一个很大的进步。然而，这些儿童需要额外的监测和护理，因为他们可能会受到抗癌治疗后遗症的影响。特别是，脑放射治疗与发展垂体激素缺乏症的终身风险有关。这种风险很高，因为高达50%的幸存者存在这些缺陷。脑垂体是位于大脑底部的一个小腺体。它附着在下丘脑上，下丘脑是大脑中控制垂体合成的六种激素在血液中分泌的区域：生长激素，生长所必需的，催乳素，诱导产奶，促甲状腺激素诱导甲状腺激素水平增加，促肾上腺皮质激素，调节分泌的应激激素皮质醇，促黄体生成激素和卵泡刺激激素都调节青春期和生殖。由于垂体激素的不同作用，赤字与显着的不良反应，包括甲状腺激素和皮质醇缺乏症，青春期缺陷，生长迟缓和认知障碍。在成人中，脑肿瘤放射治疗后也观察到垂体缺陷，尽管临床影响不太深刻。我们知道辐射主要影响分裂的细胞，这就是为什么它们被用于抗癌治疗;然而，我们不知道它们是如何引起垂体激素水平下降的。了解这种情况如何发生将有助于找到预防措施或治疗方法，以避免儿科癌症幸存者的这些缺陷。在大鼠等动物模型中，颅脑照射也与垂体激素缺乏有关，因此啮齿动物是研究这一现象的良好模型。在小鼠中，就像在人类中一样，放射疗法也与肥胖的风险有关。最近，科学家在老鼠身上证明，如果辐射集中在连接垂体和下丘脑的区域，肥胖就会发展。他们发现，在这个小区域中，调节食欲的下丘脑神经不再感受到肠道信号。这是因为保护它们的细胞，称为NG 2神经胶质细胞，经常分裂并被辐射破坏。在我们的实验室中，我们发现Sox 3基因被去除的小鼠会出现垂体激素缺乏，就像携带SOX 3突变的人类患者一样。引人注目的是，我们观察到NG 2-胶质细胞在Sox 3突变体中受到影响，在连接下丘脑和垂体的同一区域。免疫系统可能发挥作用，因为当我们给予阿司匹林时，可能会影响炎症反应，在这种情况下，Sox 3突变体恢复正常的激素水平。我们不知道阿司匹林是否对携带SOX 3突变的患者有类似的作用。本研究的目的是探讨NG 2胶质细胞和脑免疫细胞在下丘脑-垂体间通讯中的作用。我们想研究这些细胞被辐射破坏是否可以解释放射性癌症患者发生垂体缺陷的风险。为了验证我们的假设，我们将使用一种新的方法专门消除小鼠中的NG 2神经胶质细胞，并测量垂体激素。关于该区域的NG 2胶质细胞知之甚少：因此，我们将详细研究NG 2胶质细胞与哪些细胞接触，以更好地了解其功能。与此同时，我们将测试脑免疫细胞的潜在参与，通过在照射后用已知的有效和选择性药物消融它们，并在Sox 3突变体中，检查激素缺乏是否仍然在它们的情况下发展。最后，我们将研究阿司匹林对小鼠的影响，以了解它如何治愈携带Sox 3突变的小鼠。我们希望最终我们的结果将有助于预防癌症幸存者的垂体缺陷。

80% of children affected by cancer now survive, 5 years after detection of the disease, thanks to earlier diagnoses and better treatments. This is a great improvement. However, these children require extra levels of monitoring and care because they can be affected by sequelae of anti-cancer treatments. In particular, brain radiation therapies are associated with a lifelong risk to develop pituitary hormone deficiencies. This risk is high, as up to 50% of survivors present these deficiencies. The pituitary is a small gland located at the base of the brain. It is attached to the hypothalamus, the region in the brain that controls the secretion in the blood of the six hormones the pituitary synthetizes: Growth Hormone, necessary for growth, Prolactin that induces milk production, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone inducing thyroid hormones levels to increase, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone that regulates secretion of the stress hormone cortisol, Luteinizing and Follicle-stimulating hormones both regulating puberty and reproduction. Because of the diverse roles of the pituitary hormones, deficits are associated with significant adverse effects including thyroid hormone and cortisol deficiencies, puberty defects, growth delay and cognitive impairments. In adults, pituitary deficits are also observed after treatment by radiotherapy for brain tumours, although the clinical effects are less profound. We know that radiation mostly affect the dividing cells, which is why they are used in anti-cancer therapy; however, we do not know how they induce a decrease in pituitary hormone levels. Understanding how this happens would help finding preventive measures or cures to avoid these deficits in paediatric cancer survivors. In animal models such as rats, cranial irradiation is also associated with pituitary hormones deficits, so rodents are a good model to study this phenomenon. In mice, as in humans, radiation therapies are also linked with a risk to develop obesity. Recently, scientists have demonstrated in mice that if radiations are focalised to the region that links the pituitary to the hypothalamus, obesity develops. They found that, in this small domain, hypothalamic nerves that regulate appetite are not sensing gut signals anymore. This is because the cells that protect them, called NG2 glia, divide frequently and are destroyed by radiations. In our lab, we have discovered that mice in which the Sox3 gene has been removed develop pituitary hormone deficits, as human patients carrying mutations in SOX3. Strikingly, we observe that NG2-glia is affected in Sox3 mutants, in this same region that links the hypothalamus and pituitary. The immune system may play a role, because when we give aspirin, likely to affect the inflammatory response in this context, normal hormone levels are restored in Sox3 mutants. We do not know whether aspirin has a similar effect in patients carrying SOX3 mutations. The goal of our project is to investigate the role of NG2 glia and brain immune cells in the communication between the hypothalamus and pituitary. We want to investigate if destruction of these cells by radiations explain the risk of irradiated cancer patients to develop pituitary deficiencies. To test our hypotheses, we will specifically eliminate the NG2 glia in mice using a novel approach and measure pituitary hormones. Little is known about the NG2 glia in this region: we will therefore examine in details which cells the NG2 glia is in contact with to understand better what its function could be. In parallel, we will test the potential involvement of brain immune cells by ablating them with a known efficient and selective drug after irradiation, and in Sox3 mutants, to examine whether hormonal deficits still develop in their absence. Finally, we will investigate the effects of aspirin in mice to understand how it can cure mice carrying Sox3 mutations. We hope that ultimately our results will help preventing pituitary deficits in cancer survivors.