Trust after Betrayal: Global development interventions in the shadow of organized violence

这个项目是对有组织暴力背景下展开的全球发展干预的跨学科调查。它采用了一种新颖的方法，通过将组织和行为研究方面的专业知识与对战争、战后和非战争暴力背景的深刻民族志知识结合起来，研究原位发展干预措施，以分析组织动态和性别社会过程的交集，这些过程构成了这些干预措施所针对的人群的日常社区生活。它首先询问人际信任是如何在这些试图促进发展和社会修复的结构化遭遇中形成、竞争和破坏的，并将这些动态追踪到日常的社会互动中。然后询问这些发现对项目和政策的设计和评估有什么意义。该项目直接回应了学术界和实践者对这一领域人际信任主题几乎完全缺乏关注的问题，尽管人们普遍认为不信任是这些环境中的共同挑战。项目地点位于拉丁美洲，因为该地区持续存在高水平的有组织暴力。特别是哥伦比亚、墨西哥和萨尔瓦多，这三个国家的凶杀死亡人数占该地区凶杀死亡人数的近80%，并获得了全部官方发展援助的22%。然而，尽管以区域为重点，调查结果将在全球层面对受暴力影响的人群、干预机构和捐助社区产生影响。该项目从试图（重新）融入或（重新）进入接收社区的个人——前游击队员、前被监禁者、前帮派成员——的角度来处理其分析问题。该设计决策承认这些身份类别的定义边界是动态的，通常沿着各种轴线（例如，合法性，暴力和治理性）具有模糊的边界。然而，在这些背景下，关于信任和社区建设的新知识可以对可比社区产生实质性的全球相关影响，即使方式有所不同。它偏离了更标准的以受害者为中心的做法，因为它渴望打破暴力循环，摆脱那些先前卷入暴力并后来决定寻求和平替代办法的人的社会地位。这种定位有两点需要注意：首先，它认真对待复杂的社会和历史背景，以及它们所嵌入的行动者群体，承认背叛者和被背叛者之间往往没有明确的二分法。第二，这种救赎之路是在个人和他或她的同时代人之间通过日常生活和干预相遇共同构建的，而不仅仅是个人意志的结果。研究背叛后的信任是一项复杂的工作，超出了单一学科的范围。为了解决这个问题，该项目主要采用人种学研究设计，同时也从半结构化访谈、档案研究和生活史中汲取灵感。它建立在与东道国人类学、组织研究和和平研究的实践者和学者的现有对话的基础上，借鉴了这些领域的理论和方法贡献的新兴工作。它还与公共政策、区域、国际和发展研究进行对话。因此，它不仅将贡献新颖的理论和实证见解，而且还将有助于开展跨学科研究的科学。它采用一种跨国的、非采掘性的研究方法来确保上下文相关性，增加研究结果的潜在影响，并通过各种知识共享和利益相关者参与的方法使学术研究非殖民化。

This project is an interdisciplinary investigation into global development interventions that unfold against the backdrop of organised violence. It applies a novel approach to studying development interventions in situ by weaving together expertise in organizational and behavioural studies with deep ethnographic knowledge of war, post-war, and non-war violent contexts to analyse the intersection of organizational dynamics and gendered social processes that comprise everyday community life among the populations targeted by these interventions. It asks first how interpersonal trust is forged, contested, and undermined within these structured encounters that attempt to promote development and social repair, tracing these dynamics out into daily social interactions. It then asks what the implications are of these findings for program and policy design and evaluation. This project directly responds to the near complete absence of academic and practitioner attention to the topic of interpersonal trust in this domain, despite the widespread acknowledgement that mistrust is a common challenge in these environments. The project sites are located in Latin America due to the persistent high levels of organised violence in the region. Colombia, Mexico, and El Salvador, in particular, are home to nearly 80% of the homicide deaths in the region, and receive 22% of all Official Development Assistance. Despite this regional focus, however, the findings will have implications at the global level for violence-affected populations, intervention agencies, and donor communities.The project approaches its analytic problem of from the perspective of individuals attempting (re)integration or (re)entry into a receiving community - former guerrillas, the formerly incarcerated, ex-gang members. This design decision acknowledges that the definitional boundaries of these identity categories are dynamic, often with blurred boundaries along a variety of axes (e.g., legality, violence, and governability). Nevertheless, new knowledge about trust- and community-building in these contexts can have globally relevant implications for comparable communities in substantive, even if differentiated ways. It moves away from more standard victims-centric approach because it aspires to break cycles of violence from the social position of those previously implicated in that violence and who have since decided to pursue peaceful alternatives. This positioning comes with two caveats: first, it takes seriously the complex social and historical contexts and assemblage of actors within which they embed, acknowledging that there is often no clear dichotomy between betrayers and the betrayed. Second, that such pathways to redemption are co-constructed between the individual and his or her contemporaries through daily life and the intervention encounter and are not the result of individual volition alone.Researching trust after betrayal represents a complex undertaking, beyond the scope of a single discipline. To address this, the project deploys a primarily ethnographic research design, while also drawing from semi-structured interviews, archival research, and life histories. It builds on existing conversations with practitioners and scholars in the host countries in anthropology, organizational studies, and peace studies, drawing from emerging work on the theoretical and methodological contributions of these domains. It also works in conversation with public policy, area, international, and development studies. As a result, it will not only contribute novel theory and empirical insight, but also to the science of conducting interdisciplinary research. It uses a transnational, non-extractive research approach to ensure contextual relevance, increase the potential impact of the study's findings, and decolonise academic research through various approaches to knowledge-sharing and stakeholder engagement.