Enabling a Novel Evaluation Continuum for Connected & Autonomous Vehicles

运输人员和货物给英国经济带来了超过1000亿英镑的价值(通过各种交通工具)，但这是有代价的，每年有超过2000人死亡，12万人受伤。互联和自动交通有可能使陆地、空中和海上旅行更安全、更快、更高效，为我们的国家健康和碳排放目标做出贡献。此外，到2030年，全球互联和自主运输系统的市场预计将超过7000亿GB，因此该行业可能成为英国经济增长的主要驱动力。发挥自动运输系统潜力的最大挑战是可证明的量化安全和消费者理解。如果不解决所有领域的这些问题，我们将需要更长的时间来释放潜在的商业和更广泛的利益。在未来领导者联谊会(FLF)的最后三年里，为了找到互联和自动驾驶汽车(CAV)(即陆地)中各种研究问题的答案，这位研究员经常将目光投向其他交通领域，如航空和海洋，并从将这些领域的知识转移到CAV中受益。这一经历让人们意识到，“虽然航空和海运也在引入自动驾驶系统，但安全挑战与骑兵相似”。这是该研究员+3 FLF更新愿景的基础。UKRI FLF应用+3更新的愿景是将CAV安全保证方面的知识转化为航空和海洋自主系统(无人机和无人驾驶船只)。虽然运输领域(陆上、空中和海洋)之间存在明显差异，但如果采取第一原则办法，安全保证的办法可能是相似的。空中和海上自主运输系统的安全保证需要三个关键领域的研究、标准和监管：1)测试场景；2)测试环境；3)安全论证。然而，安全保证过程需要以正确和完整的系统需求定义为基础。作为CAV研究的一部分，定义自主系统的操作设计领域(ODD)和行为能力是需求定义的基础。ODD(即定义良好的安全操作边界)是自主系统任何安全保证过程的基础。土地的运行条件包括诸如道路类型、天气类型、参与者类型(紧急车辆、行人)等属性(根据BSI PAS 1883-作为技术作者)。虽然航空和海运的运行条件不同，但ODD的概念是可以转移的。海洋的运行条件可能包括海流强度、风速和风向、盐度、水深等属性。空气的运行条件可能包括风速和风向、空气密度、雾等属性。然而，标准分类概念仍然回避行业，这将是我+3年FL的重点之一。运输中自主系统安全保证的另一个关键方面是安全行为的定义。作为+3年FLF的进一步组成部分，重点将是通过编纂《空中规则》和《海洋规则》来创建安全行为定义。目前，空中交通管理(ATM)和《国际海上避碰规则公约》(COLREGS)规定了人驾驶车辆的空中和海上规则。我们将采取一种奇怪的、基于行为的方法来使用一阶逻辑来编纂规则。此外，+3年的FLF还将受益于这位研究员作为英国在各种国际标准委员会的技术代表的第一手经验，提供进一步的洞察力和明确的路线，通过制定国际标准和法规来从拟议的研究中产生影响，同时还确保英国成为这一领域的全球领导者。

Moving people and goods is worth over £100 billion to the UK economy (across transport modes), but it comes at a cost, with over 2000 deaths and 120,000 injuries every year. Connected and autonomous transport has the potential to make land, air, and marine journeys safer, faster, and more efficient, contributing to both our national health and carbon emissions goals. Additionally, the connected and autonomous transport systems' market globally is projected to be over £700 billion by 2030, so this sector could be a major driver of economic growth in the UK. The biggest challenge to delivering the potential of autonomous transport systems are provable quantified safety and consumer understanding. Without addressing these issues across all sectors, it will take us significantly longer to unlock the potential commercial and wider benefits.Over the last three years of the Future Leaders Fellowship (FLF), to find answers to various research questions in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) (i.e., land), the fellow has often looked to other transport domains like aviation and marine and benefitted by transferring learnings from them to CAV. This experience brought a realisation that "while aviation and marine are also introducing the autonomous system, the safety challenges are similar to CAVs". This realisation underpins the fellow's +3 FLF renewal vision.The vision for +3 Renewal of the UKRI FLF application is to translate the learnings on safety assurance of CAV to aviation and marine autonomous systems (aerial drones and unmanned vessels). While there are obvious differences between the transport domains (land, air and marine), the approach to safety assurance could potentially be similar if a first principles approach is taken. Safety assurance of autonomous transport systems in air and marine requires three key areas of research, standards, and regulation: 1) test scenarios; 2) test environment; and 3) safety argument. However, the safety assurance process needs to be underpinned with the correct and complete set of requirements definition for the system. As part of research on CAV, defining the Operational Design Domain (ODD) and behaviour capabilities of the autonomous system is fundamental to the requirements definition.An ODD (i.e., well-defined safe operating boundaries) is fundamental to any safety assurance process for autonomous systems. Operating conditions for the land include attributes like road type, weather type, type of actors (emergency vehicles, pedestrians), etc. (as per BSI PAS 1883 - fellow as technical author). While the operating conditions for aviation and marine will differ, the concept of ODD is transferable. Operating conditions for the sea could include attributes like current strength, wind speed and direction, salinity, water depth, etc. Operating conditions for air could include attributes like wind speed and direction, air density, fog, etc. However, a standard taxonomy concept still evades the industry, which will be one of the focuses of my +3yrs FLF.Another key aspect of safety assurance of autonomous systems in transport is the definition of safe behaviour. As a further part of the +3yrs FLF, the focus would be to create safe behaviour definitions by codifying the Rules of the Air and Rules of the Sea. Currently, Air Traffic Management (ATM) and Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) define the rules of air and sea for human-driven vehicles. We will take an ODD and behaviour-based approach to codify the rules using first-order logic.In addition, the +3yrs FLF will also benefit from the fellow's first-hand experience as the UK's technical representative on various international standards committees, providing further insight and a clear route to deliver impact from the proposed research through the development of international standards and regulations, while also ensuring that the UK becomes a global leader in this area.