Next Generation Water Cherenkov Detector Technology Development For The Study Of Supernova Neutrinos

为FLF续期拨款提出的研究涵盖和扩展了最初从事的研究和开发新的中微子粒子探测技术的工作，然后将它们应用于超新星发射的中微子的令人兴奋的研究，特别是那些在宇宙开始时产生的中微子。这些中微子非常有趣，因为它们可以告诉我们很多关于恒星形成的速度和生命周期以及宇宙中黑洞的数量，一直追溯到大爆炸。最初的奖励重点是开发用于测量水中微量污染物的新型校准硬件、新型超快速光电探测器技术、先进的数据采集系统、改进的触发和分析算法，以开发一种全新的掺杂钆（Gd）水基切伦科夫粒子探测器技术。这些进展随后被用于目前世界上最大的中微子探测器超级神冈探测器（位于日本），以帮助提高对这些极其罕见和古老的超新星中微子相互作用的搜索灵敏度，使我们能够第一次观察到它们。虽然这项工作仍在进行中，我们热切地期待着结果，但我的团队所从事的发展和Gd掺杂技术也已在许多其他中微子探测器上得到了巨大的成功。在我的帮助下，这些实验已经在涵盖硬件和软件的许多科学领域发表了多篇论文并取得了进展。我们还能够生产一套新颖的协同软件框架和工具来推进该领域。更新建议继续开发这些系统的硬件（校准系统和光传感器）和软件（用于触发，数据采集，分析和粒子模拟），以及将当前的进步和技术带到下一代粒子物理探测器，这些探测器目前正在设计中，将在更新期间建造和运行。这些实验来自美国、欧洲、日本甚至英国的世界各地，旨在成为掺杂材料和光敏技术新进展的技术测试平台，高精度测试平台，用于进行精确的粒子相互作用测量，在Hyper-k的情况下，是新世界最大的国际中微子实验，使我们能够更深入地了解宇宙并研究中微子本身的基本特性。这些探测器提供了一个宝贵的机会，开发突破性的新工具和物理学，进一步加深我们的理解。在超新星中微子领域尤其如此，FLF的续期拨款将使我们能够确保技术和硬件的发展，并为人们在未来几十年的研究提供条件，并提高英国作为创始成员在国际上卓越研究的形象。

The research proposed for the FLF renewal grant covers and extension of the work originally undertaken in researching and developing new particle detection techniques for neutrinos and then applying them to the exciting study of neutrinos emitted from supernova, particularly those created at the beginning of the universe. These neutrinos are very interesting because they could tell us a lot about the rate and life cycle of star formation and the number of black holes in our universe all the way back to the big bang.The initial award focused on the development of novel calibration hardware for measuring tiny contamination in water, new ultra-fast photo detector technology, advanced data acquisition systems, improved triggering, and analysis algorithms to exploit a brand-new technique of doping water based Cherenkov particle detectors with Gadolinium (Gd). These advances were then to be used on the current world's largest neutrino detector Super-Kamiokande (based in Japan) to help improve the search sensitivity for these extremely rare and ancient supernova neutrino interactions, allowing us to observe them for the first time ever.Whilst this is still underway and we are eagerly looking forward to the results, the developments my group have worked on and the technology of Gd doping have also been employed on a number of other neutrino detectors to great success. These experiments with my help have produced multiple publications and advancements in many areas of science covering both hardware and software. We have also been able to produce a suite of novel synergistic software frameworks and tools to advance the field. The renewal proposes to continue to develop these systems both hardware (in terms of calibration systems and photosensors) and software (for triggering, data acquisition, analysis and particle simulation), as well as bringing the current advances and techniques to the next generation of particle physics detectors that are currently being designed and will be constructed and operated in the renewal period. These experiments are based all over the world from the USA, Europe, Japan and even the UK and aim to be technology test beds for new advances in doping materials and photosensor technology, high precision test beds for making precision particle interaction measurements and in the case of Hyper-k the new world's largest international neutrino experiment, giving us the ability to peer deeper into the universe and study the fundamental properties of the neutrinos themselves. These detectors provide an invaluable opportunity, to develop ground breaking new tools and physics, furthering our understanding. This is particularly the case with the field of supernova neutrinos, where the FLF renewal grant will allow us to ensure that the technology and hardware is developed and in place for people to study them for decades to come and raise the profile of the UKs research excellence internationally as a founding member.