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Evolution of elaborate parental care: genetic architecture and selection

精心父母照顾的演变：遗传结构和选择

基本信息

批准号：
NE/G004293/1
负责人：
Per Smiseth
金额：
$ 45.06万
依托单位：
University of Edinburgh
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2009
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2009 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FG004293%2F1
关键词：
Evolution elaborate parental care genetic

项目摘要

What makes a good parent? And how should offspring respond to different parental strategies? Parents aim to provide their young with a good start in life, as the parental care that an offspring experiences can be an important determinant of its own survival and reproductive success. The ways in which parents provide care may vary greatly, ranging from high investment in eggs to specialized behaviours such as the preparation of a nest, provisioning of food or protection of offspring from predators. However high investment in one area (for example, putting in a lot of effort before offspring have hatched through heavy investment into eggs) may reduce potential for investment in another area (for example, post-hatching effort). Similarly, offspring may vary in the ways in which they aim to maximise access to resources whilst developing: for example, spending a lot of time or energy begging from parents will reduce their ability to spend that time feeding independently. It is therefore clear that parental care and offspring behaviour involve multiple aspects of parent and offspring phenotypes, and that there may be trade-offs between these different aspects. However, surprisingly, to date studies of parental care have typically focused on only one or two key aspects of either parental and/or offspring behaviour. We therefore know very little about the associations between the many traits involved, or how they actually affect offspring growth and survival. Most importantly, for an understanding of the evolution of these key life history traits, we have very little understanding of the genetic associations between the multiple aspects of parental behaviour and offspring development. Are the genes that code for high rates of one aspect of parental provisioning associated with low rates of another trait? Are offspring genetically programmed to follow a particular strategy? As well as being critical to our understanding of the evolution of parental care, these questions underpin one of the greatest challenges of current evolutionary biology: explaining the maintenance of genetic diversity, when Darwinian theory predicts that natural selection should weed out all but the most successful genotype. The existence of such 'trade-offs' between different behaviours and strategies, such that no single genotype is best on all counts, provides an appealing explanation for the otherwise paradoxical persistence of genetic variance. In this project we will address these gaps in our understanding of the evolution of parental care using three different experimental techniques and a model invertebrate system, the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. Firstly, we use a classic 'breeding design' to determine the genetic basis of a suite of important traits (ranging from parental nest preparation through to offspring survival), and to address the question are parents and offspring genetically programmed to behave in a particular way? Secondly, we undertake a 'selection experiment' in which we examine the evolutionary response of suites of parental and offspring traits in response to artificial selection on offspring growth: in particular, is it possible to select either for a combination of parent-offspring traits that allows offspring to maximize what they get out of their parents through begging versus for a combination of traits that favours offspring who can fare independently? Finally, we use a 'cross-fostering' experiment to determine the extent to which selection favours particular combinations of parental and offspring behaviours: do offspring do best when reared with their own parents or with parents with similar behaviour, versus with very different parents? We believe that the combination of these three alternative approaches with our own expertise in behavioural ecology (PTS) and quantitative genetics (LEBK) provides a uniquely powerful means of substantially advancing our understanding of variation in parental care.

什么是好父母？后代应该如何应对不同的父母策略？父母的目标是为后代提供一个良好的生活开端，因为后代所经历的父母照顾可能是其自身生存和繁殖成功的重要决定因素。父母提供照料的方式可能差异很大，从对蛋的高投资到专门的行为，如准备巢、提供食物或保护后代免受捕食者的伤害。然而，在一个领域的高投资（例如，在后代孵化之前投入大量精力，对蛋进行大量投资）可能会减少在另一个领域的投资潜力（例如，孵化后的努力）。同样，后代在发育过程中最大限度地获取资源的方式可能会有所不同：例如，花费大量时间或精力向父母乞讨会降低他们独立进食的能力。因此，很明显，父母的照顾和后代的行为涉及父母和后代表型的多个方面，这些不同的方面之间可能存在权衡。然而，令人惊讶的是，到目前为止，对父母照顾的研究通常只集中在父母和/或后代行为的一个或两个关键方面。因此，我们对所涉及的许多特征之间的关联知之甚少，或者它们实际上如何影响后代的生长和生存。最重要的是，为了了解这些关键生活史特征的进化，我们对父母行为和后代发育的多个方面之间的遗传关联了解甚少。编码父母提供的一个方面的高比率的基因与另一个特征的低比率相关吗？后代的基因是否会遵循特定的策略？这些问题不仅对我们理解父母照顾的进化至关重要，也是当前进化生物学最大的挑战之一：当达尔文理论预测自然选择应该淘汰除了最成功的基因型之外的所有基因型时，解释遗传多样性的维持。不同行为和策略之间存在这种“权衡”，因此没有一种基因型在所有方面都是最好的，这为遗传变异的持续性提供了一个有吸引力的解释。在这个项目中，我们将使用三种不同的实验技术和一个模型无脊椎动物系统，埋葬甲虫Nicrophorus vespilloides解决这些差距，我们的理解父母照顾的演变。首先，我们使用一个经典的“育种设计”来确定一套重要性状的遗传基础（从父母的巢准备到后代的生存），并解决这个问题是父母和后代的遗传编程以特定的方式表现？其次，我们进行了一个“选择实验”，在这个实验中，我们研究了一套亲本和后代性状对后代生长的人工选择的进化反应：特别是，是否有可能选择父母-后代特征的组合，使后代能够通过乞讨最大限度地从父母那里得到什么，或者选择有利于能够独立生存的后代的特征组合？最后，我们使用“交叉培养”实验来确定选择在多大程度上有利于父母和后代行为的特定组合：当与自己的父母或具有相似行为的父母一起抚养时，与非常不同的父母相比，后代做得最好吗？我们相信，这三种替代方法与我们自己在行为生态学（PTS）和数量遗传学（LEBK）方面的专业知识相结合，为我们提供了一种独特的强大手段，可以大大提高我们对父母照顾变化的理解。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Evolution of elaborate parental care: phenotypic and genetic correlations between parent and offspring traits.

精致的父母护理的进化：父母和后代性状之间的表型和遗传相关性。

DOI：
10.1093/beheco/arw129
发表时间：
2017-01
期刊：
Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology
影响因子：
0
作者：
Andrews CP;Kruuk LE;Smiseth PT
通讯作者：
Smiseth PT

The Evolution of Parental Care

父母照顾的演变