Climate variability in the North Atlantic Ocean: wind-induced changes in heat content, sea level and overturning.

北大西洋的气候变化：风引起的热含量、海平面和翻转的变化。

• 批准号: NE/H019812/1
• 负责人: Christopher Hughes
• 金额: $ 14.77万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2011 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FH019812%2F1
• 关键词: Climate; variability; North; Atlantic; Ocean

The climate system is widely accepted as warming. Much of the extra heat provided to the climate system is estimated to have been taken up by the oceans. However, this warming of the oceans is not happening uniformly. For the North Atlantic, the most well observed basin, there has been warming in the tropics and mid latitudes, but cooling at high latitudes over the last 50 years. These changes in heat content are associated with changes in atmospheric forcing from winds and surface heat fluxes. As well as the oceans changing their temperature, there are salinity changes with a general freshening at high latitudes and increase in salinity at low latitudes, perhaps associated with a strengthening in the atmospheric water cycle. The strong gyre-scale contrast in these ocean properties suggest that the wind forcing and gyre dynamics are playing an important role, which are likely to be reflected in changes in the dynamical signals for overturning and sea level. The ocean overturning response to these water-mass changes appears surprising: based on our historical analyses, there is a slightly weakening over the subtropical gyre and slightly strengthening over the subpolar gyre during the last 50 years. These overturning changes might reflect the effect of the wind forcing, where gyre-scale property changes feedback onto changes in the overturning. The effect of the winds also directly affects sea level and the interpretation of the tide gauge record: there are large-scale correlations between the interannual variations in air pressure over the central part of the ocean basins and eastern boundary sea level. In our study, we plan (i) to extend our analyses of the historical data for temperature and salinity over the North Atlantic, as well as the existing tide gauge records longer than 40 years; (ii) conduct model experiments designed to reveal the effect of changing winds on the gyre contrasts in temperature and salinity, on how heat content and overturning are related, and on the relationship with sea level; and (iii) assess how tide gauge records for sea level are affected by gyre dynamics and overturning, which will be used to interpret changes in the long historical records of sea level rise in the North Atlantic.

气候系统被广泛认为是变暖。据估计，向气候系统提供的大部分额外热量已被海洋吸收。然而，海洋变暖并不是均匀发生的。对于观测最清楚的北大西洋盆地来说，过去 50 年来，热带地区和中纬度地区一直在变暖，但高纬度地区却在变冷。这些热含量的变化与风和表面热通量造成的大气强迫的变化有关。除了海洋温度发生变化外，盐度也发生变化，高纬度地区盐度普遍变淡，低纬度地区盐度增加，这可能与大气水循环的加强有关。这些海洋特性中强烈的环流尺度对比表明风力强迫和环流动力学发挥着重要作用，这很可能反映在翻转和海平面的动力学信号的变化中。海洋对这些水团变化的翻转反应似乎令人惊讶：根据我们的历史分析，在过去 50 年里，副热带环流略有减弱，副极地环流略有增强。这些翻转变化可能反映了风力的影响，其中涡流尺度特性变化反馈到翻转的变化。风的影响也直接影响海平面和验潮仪记录的解释：洋盆中部的气压与东部边界海平面的年际变化之间存在大规模的相关性。在我们的研究中，我们计划 (i) 扩展对北大西洋温度和盐度历史数据以及超过 40 年的现有验潮仪记录的分析； (ii) 进行模型实验，旨在揭示风向变化对温度和盐度环流对比的影响、热含量与翻转的关系以及与海平面的关系； (iii) 评估海平面验潮仪记录如何受到环流动力学和翻转的影响，这将用于解释北大西洋海平面上升的长期历史记录的变化。

项目成果

Rapid sea-level rise along the Antarctic margins in response to increased glacial discharge

• DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2230
• 发表时间: 2014-10-01
• 期刊: NATURE GEOSCIENCE
• 影响因子: 18.3
• 作者: Rye, Craig D.;Garabato, Alberto C. Naveira;Webb, David J.
• 通讯作者: Webb, David J.

The tilt of mean sea level along the east coast of North America

北美东海岸平均海平面倾斜度

• DOI: 10.1002/2015gl063186
• 发表时间: 2015
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Higginson S

The status of measurement of the Mediterranean mean dynamic topography by geodetic techniques

大地测量技术测量地中海平均动态地形的现状

• DOI: 10.1007/s00190-015-0817-1
• 发表时间: 2015
• 期刊: Journal of Geodesy
• 影响因子: 4.4
• 作者: Woodworth P

Antarctic circumpolar transport and the southern mode: a model investigation of interannual to decadal timescales

南极环极地输送和南方模式：年际至年代际时间尺度的模型研究

• DOI: 10.5194/os-10-215-2014
• 发表时间: 2014
• 期刊: Ocean Science
• 影响因子: 3.2
• 作者: Hughes C

Variations in the difference between mean sea level measured either side of Cape Hatteras and their relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation

哈特拉斯角两侧测量的平均海平面差异的变化及其与北大西洋涛动的关系

• DOI: 10.1007/s00382-016-3464-1
• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: Climate Dynamics
• 影响因子: 4.6
• 作者: Woodworth P