Resilience to Volcanic and Tsunami Hazards within Indigenous Communities: Savo Volcano Solomon Islands and applications to other archipelago nations

原住民社区对火山和海啸灾害的抵御能力：萨沃火山所罗门群岛及其在其他群岛国家的应用

• 批准号: NE/I017976/1
• 负责人: Michael Petterson
• 金额: $ 3.81万
• 依托单位: University of Leicester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FI017976%2F1
• 关键词: Resilience; Volcanic; Tsunami; Hazards; within

There are millions of people in the world vulnerable to death, injury & loss of property due to natural disasters. Recent exemples include flooding in Pakistan (2010) affecting 20 million people and the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami that killed over 300,000 people. This study focuses upon one type of natural hazard (volcanic hazard) although much of the research can be applied to other forms of hazard. Volcanoes affect peoples' lives in many ways, most dramatically, from a hazard and risk perspective, this includes causing death, injury, evacuation and damage through explosive eruptions and related events such as volcanic mudflows (lahars), volcanic-induced landslips, seismic activity related to eruptions, and through tsunamis generated by volcanic activity. The study of hazard and risk also involves affected communities, decison and policy makers and emergency services that assist when disasters occur. A major part of our work is to analyse all these elements that make up the 'human side' of natural disasters. We will particularly examine vulnerable communities and the planners and managers of disaster-mitigation and reduction. The big aim of our work is to reduce risk, loss of life and minimise the impact on essential infrastructure. The area of focus for our work is Savo volcano in the Solomon Islands, SW Pacific. This country is an example of 'island archipelago' nations - countries made up of widely distributed, relatively small islands. Such countries face many challenges to managing natural hazards, unique to themselves. These challenges include widespread populations, relatively low levels of education, lack of access to modern communication, transport difficulties, limited space and options for movement when disasters occur, etc. Melanesian communities (the people of the SW Pacific are termed 'Melanesians') traditionally live a subsistence lifestyle in villages that rely on their local environment to provide their needs (agriculture, livestock, building materials, marine resources, water supplies etc.). They have few material possessions and often lack electricity supplies and many of the conveniences of the modern Western world. On Savo around 4000 people live on a 6km wide volcano that erupts at periods of c. 100-200 years and has caused mass evacuation, death and destruction throughout the island. Furthermore the volcano is only 35km from the nation's capital town (Honiara) that includes c. 20% of the population and the bulk of national infrastructure. Honiara is vulnerable not only to direct volcanic hazards such as ash fall but also from tsunamis that can potentially destroy much of the town. Our team has looked at the geology and past behaviour of the volcano - but we need a much deeper understanding. We know that when it erupts it forms large columns of ash and violent block and ash flows that rapidly exit the volcanic crater, rush through valleys and spread out close to the coast. At least 70% of islanders are at risk from block and ash and ash-fall eruptions. We have also learned that parts of the volcano is being 'rotten away' through the vigorous activity of hot fluids and water that weaken the volcano and may cause major landslides that in turn cause the tsunamis that will hit Honiara and other areas. A key component of our work will focus on vulnerable villagers on Savo - their economy, society, styles of decision making, education & awareness and ability to respond to major disasters. We will attempt to understand their 'resilience' - what elements of their society are particularly weak or strong with respect to planning for, responding to, and recovering from natural disasters. Once we have identified these elements we can target ways of increasing their capacity to adapt to a changing environment. We will use this work to apply to other similar vulnerable groups in places like Indonesia, the Phillipines, Tonga, the Caribbean etc. We believe this is invaluable research for mankind.

世界上有数百万人容易因自然灾害而死亡，受伤和财产损失。最近的灾难包括2010年巴基斯坦的洪水，影响到2 000万人，2004年节礼日的海啸造成30多万人死亡。这项研究的重点是一种自然灾害（火山灾害），虽然许多研究可以应用于其他形式的灾害。火山以多种方式影响人们的生活，从危害和风险的角度来看，影响最为显著，包括通过爆炸性喷发和火山泥流（火山泥流）、火山引发的滑坡、与喷发有关的地震活动以及火山活动产生的海啸等相关事件造成死亡、受伤、疏散和损害。灾害和风险的研究还涉及受影响的社区，决策者和政策制定者以及在灾害发生时提供援助的紧急服务。我们工作的一个主要部分是分析构成自然灾害“人的一面”的所有这些因素。我们将特别审查易受伤害的社区以及减轻和减少灾害的规划者和管理者。我们工作的主要目标是减少风险、生命损失和最大限度地减少对基本基础设施的影响。我们工作的重点领域是西南太平洋所罗门群岛的萨沃火山。这个国家是“岛屿群岛”国家的一个例子-由分布广泛，相对较小的岛屿组成的国家。这些国家在管理自然灾害方面面临许多挑战，这是它们自己所特有的。这些挑战包括人口分布广泛、教育水平相对较低、缺乏现代通信手段、交通困难、发生灾害时行动空间和选择有限等。（西南太平洋地区的人被称为“美拉尼西亚人”）传统上在村庄里过着自给自足的生活方式，依靠当地的环境来满足他们的需求（农业、畜牧业、建筑材料、海洋资源、供水等）。他们几乎没有物质财富，经常缺乏电力供应和现代西方世界的许多便利设施。在萨沃，大约有4000人生活在一座6公里宽的火山上，火山喷发的周期为1000年。100-200年，并已造成大规模疏散，死亡和破坏整个岛屿。此外，火山距离国家首都（霍尼亚拉）仅35公里，其中包括c。20%的人口和大部分的国家基础设施。霍尼亚拉不仅容易受到火山灰坠落等直接火山灾害的影响，而且还容易受到海啸的影响，海啸可能会摧毁该镇的大部分地区。我们的团队已经研究了火山的地质和过去的行为-但我们需要更深入的了解。我们知道，当它喷发时，它会形成巨大的火山灰柱和猛烈的块体，火山灰流迅速离开火山口，冲过山谷，并在海岸附近蔓延。至少70%的岛民面临着火山块、火山灰和火山灰坠落的危险。我们还了解到，由于热流体和水的剧烈活动，火山的部分地区正在“腐烂”，这些活动削弱了火山，并可能导致重大山体滑坡，进而导致海啸袭击霍尼亚拉和其他地区。我们工作的一个关键组成部分将集中在萨沃的弱势村民-他们的经济，社会，决策方式，教育和意识以及应对重大灾害的能力。我们将试图了解他们的“复原力”-他们的社会中的哪些元素在规划，应对和从自然灾害中恢复方面特别薄弱或强大。一旦我们确定了这些要素，我们就可以有针对性地采取措施，提高他们适应不断变化的环境的能力。我们将利用这项工作，适用于其他类似的弱势群体，如印度尼西亚，菲律宾，汤加，加勒比等地，我们相信这是人类的宝贵研究。