Mitigating climate change impacts on India agriculture through improved Irrigation water Management

在这个项目中，我们建议调查气候变化和可变性对印度灌溉用水安全的影响，并评估更好的灌溉和水管理战略在缓解任何水资源短缺情况方面的有效性，从而提高可用水的生产率。为了评估气候变化对径流的影响，以及对地下水补给和流入河流、运河和农场水库系统的影响，我们将使用经过适当校准和验证的土壤水分评估工具（SWAT）水文模型，以及一系列gcm预测和排放情景。为了更好地了解农场规模对灌溉用水需求的影响，我们建议使用现有的基于物理的根系吸水模型，该模型将使用分布在印度哈里亚纳邦、喜马偕尔邦、北阿普拉德邦和北阿坎德邦四个不同气气带的实验农场收集的数据进行进一步校准和测试。在未来的条件下，校准模型将与SWAT模型相结合。鉴于评估的未来灌溉用水需求，将从可靠性、脆弱性、复原力和可持续性方面评估现有农场灌溉基础设施- -直接抽取河流、水库和管井- -的充分性。我们建议为基础设施制定更好的操作方法，例如加强水库的规则曲线，结合使用水库、河流、地下水等，以缓和水资源短缺的影响，或使降雨对作物生产的水分供应不同步。该项目将涉及来自3个印度机构（印度理工学院-鲁尔基学院、印度理工学院-库鲁克舍特拉学院、印度理工学院、哈米尔普尔学院）和2所英国大学（爱丁堡赫瑞瓦特大学、克兰菲尔德大学）的国际领先科学家之间的合作。它将建立在H-WU团队和IIT-Roorkee团队之间现有的蓬勃发展的合作基础上。我们将与印度的利益相关者（农民、地区和地区至国家政策制定者）以及英国领先的灌溉从业者合作。该项目将持续48个月，包括以下四个工作包：工作包1-气候变化对印度农业水资源可用性的影响和不确定性：该工作包旨在了解气候变化对水资源可用性的影响，并确定集水区/含水层尺度径流、地下水补给和响应的阈值（由中央大学牵头）。变化的时空降雨模式对作物-土壤水分状况和潜在灌溉需求的影响，以及相关的田间试验；温度和降雨模式的变化对农场规模土壤湿度的影响以及未来灌溉用水需求将通过IIT-R基于物理的根系水分吸收模型进行评估，该模型将根据印度4个邦（由IIT-R领导）4个地点的专门田间实验观察到的作物产量和土壤水分数据进一步校准和验证。WP 3-了解强大的灌溉用水管理实践和系统在减少未来水资源短缺影响方面的潜力：将评估农场基础设施的可靠性、脆弱性、复原力和可持续性，以满足现有条件和气候变化条件下的灌溉用水需求。更好的操作方法-灌溉用水调度；农场水库的规则和操作政策；WP 4-利益相关者参与和传播：在整个项目期间，印度理工学院-鲁尔基学院将协调广泛的适合具体情况的参与和传播活动，以最大限度地提高利益相关者的参与（英国/印度联合领导）。

In this project, we propose to investigate the effects of climate change and variability on irrigation water security in India and to evaluate the effectiveness of better irrigation and water management strategies in mitigating any water shortage situation and so improve the productivity of the available water. To assess the impacts of climate change on the runoff and hence on groundwater recharge and inflows into rivers, canals and on-farm reservoir systems at the catchment scale, we will use the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model, appropriately calibrated and validated, and a range of GCMs projections and emissions scenarios.To better understand the impacts on irrigation water requirements at the farm scale, we propose to use an existing physically-based root water uptake model that will be further calibrated and tested using data that will be collected at experimental farms in four diverse climatic zones spread over the four Indian states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarapradesh and Uttarakhand. For future conditions, the calibrated model will be coupled with the SWAT model. Given the assessed irrigation water requirements for the future, the adequacy of existing on-farm irrigation infrastructures- direct river abstractions, reservoirs and tube wells- will be assessed in terms of reliability, vulnerability, resilience and sustainability. We propose to develop better operational practices for the infrastructures- e.g. enhanced rule curves for reservoirs, conjunctive use of reservoirs, rivers, groundwater etc- that will temper the effect of water shortages or desynchronise water availability from rainfall on crop production. The project will involve collaboration between internationally-leading scientists at 3 Indian institutions (IIT-Roorkee; NIT-Kurukshetra; NIT, Hamirpur) and 2 UK Universities: Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh (H-WU), Cranfield University (CU). It will build on an existing and thriving collaboration between the H-WU team and the team at the IIT-Roorkee. We will work with stakeholders in India (farmers, regional and regional to national policymakers) and leading UK irrigation practitioners. The project will last for 48 months and comprise four work packages as follows: WP 1- Impacts and uncertainty, of climate change on water resources availability for agriculture in India: This WP aims to understand climate change impacts on water availability and to identify thresholds in catchment/aquifer-scale runoff, groundwater recharge and responses (led by CU). WP 2- Impacts of shifting temporal and spatial rainfall patterns on crop-soil moisture regimes and potential irrigation demand, and associated field experimentation: The effects of the changing temperature and rainfall patterns on farm-scale soil moisture and hence future irrigation water requirements with be assessed with IIT-R physically-based root water uptake model, which will be further calibrated and validated against observed crop yields and soil moisture data from dedicated field experiments at 4 sites across 4 Indian states (Led by IIT-R).WP 3- Understanding the potential of robust irrigation water management practices and systems to reduce the impacts of future water scarcity: The effectiveness of on-farm infrastructures will be assessed for their reliability, vulnerability resilience and sustainability to deliver irrigation water needs for existing and climate-change conditions. Better operational practices- irrigation water scheduling; rule and operating policies for on-farm reservoirs; conjunctive use and artificial recharge- that are robust to the uncertainties in the climate change predictions will be developed and evaluated (Led by H-WU) WP 4- Stakeholder engagement and dissemination: A broad range of contextually-appropriate engagement and dissemination activities will be co-ordinated by IIT-Roorkee throughout the project duration, to maximise stakeholder buy-in (Joint UK/Indian led).