PERCEPTION & COGNITION IN CATEGORIZATION/IDENTIFICATION

洞察力

• 批准号: 6139417
• 负责人: W Todd TODD MADDOX
• 金额: $ 11.98万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1999-01-01 至 2001-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6139417
• 关键词: attention; behavioral /social science research tag; clinical research; cognition; cues; decision making; discrimination learning; human subject; neural information processing; performance; psychological models; psychomotor reaction time; reinforcer; visual perception; visual stimulus

DESCRIPTION (Applicant's abstract): The long-term objective of the proposed research is to better understand the nature of the perceptual and cognitive processes involved when a person identifies or categorizes objects. Two lines of research are outlined. The first examines the optimality of human categorization performance when base-rates and payoffs are manipulated simultaneously. Experiments are outlined that examine the effect of (a) stimulus properties, (b) category discriminability, and (c) the costs and benefits associated with various categorization responses on base-rate and payoff sensitivity. All experiment will use the perceptual categorization task (e.g., Ashby & Cott, 1988; Maddox, 1995) in which two normally distributed categories are specified and a large number of category exemplars are sampled from each category distribution. The use of normally distributed categories allows the optimal decision rule to be derived. The approach is to apply a series of quantitative models to the trial-by-trial learning data and to measures of asymptotic performance. Each model will embody specific hypotheses about the optimality, or potential sub-optimality, of responding. Standard categorization procedures as well as hypothetical medical diagnosis procedures will be utilized. These studies will inform many real-world categorization problems, such as medical diagnosis, where base-rates and payoffs often differ and vary simultaneously. The second line of research examines perceptual and decisional attention processes in identification and categorization. Experiments are outlined that examine the effects of (a) attention cue and decision rule manipulations, as well as (b) stimulus property and response deadline manipulations on perceptual and decisional attention processes. To better understand the nature of these attention systems, attempts will be made to account simultaneously for accuracy and response time (RT) data within a single theoretical framework (e.g., Maddox & Ashby, 1996). To ensure stable estimates of the accuracy and RT data, each task will utilize a small number of unique stimuli (15-30) with 200-300 presentations of each stimulus in each condition. The approach is to apply a series of quantitative models that each embody specific hypotheses about the nature of, and interaction between, perceptual and decisional attention systems, and to compare these models with models derived from theories that do not distinguish between perceptual and decisional forms of attention (e.g., many exemplar-based models; Nosofsky, 1986). These studies are important because they will provide useful information about attention processes that are fundamental to nearly all types of human behavior.

描述（申请人摘要）： 拟议研究的长期目标是更好地了解 当一个人的知觉和认知过程的性质， 人识别或分类对象。两条研究路线是 概述。第一部分考察了人类分类的最优性 当基本利率和收益同时被操纵时， 实验概述，检查（a）刺激的效果 属性，（B）类别可辨别性，以及（c）成本和 与各种基本比率分类反应相关的益处 和收益敏感性所有实验都将使用 分类任务（例如，Ashby & Cott，1988; Maddox，1995），其中 规定了两个正态分布的类别， 从每个类别分布中采样类别样本。使用 正态分布的类别允许最优决策规则， 衍生出来。方法是应用一系列定量模型， 试验的试验学习数据和渐近的措施 性能每个模型都将体现关于 最优性，或者潜在的次优性。标准 分类程序以及假设的医疗诊断 程序将被使用。这些研究将为许多现实世界提供信息， 分类问题，例如医疗诊断，其中基本率和 收益往往是不同的，并同时变化。第二行 研究检查知觉和决策的注意过程， 识别和分类。实验概述，检查 （a）注意力提示和决策规则操纵的影响，如 以及（B）刺激属性和响应截止期操纵 知觉和决定性注意过程。更好地了解 这些注意力系统的性质，将试图解释 同时在一个单一的准确性和响应时间（RT）数据， 理论框架（例如，Maddox和Ashby，1996年）。保持经济平稳 估计的准确性和RT数据，每个任务将利用一个小的 独特刺激的数量（15-30），每个刺激有200-300个呈现 在各种条件下的刺激。方法是应用一系列 定量模型，每个模型都体现了关于 知觉注意和决策注意的性质及其相互作用 系统，并将这些模型与理论模型进行比较 不区分知觉形式和决定形式， 注意（例如，许多基于范例的模型; Nosofsky，1986）。这些 这些研究很重要，因为它们将提供有关 注意力过程是几乎所有类型的人类的基本 行为