GREENHOUSE: Generating Regional Emissions Estimates with a Novel Hierarchy of Observations and Upscaled Simulation Experiments

GREENHOUSE：通过新颖的观测层次和升级模拟实验生成区域排放估算

• 批准号: NE/K002481/1
• 负责人: Peter Levy
• 金额: $ 77.37万
• 依托单位: NERC CEH (Up to 30.11.2019)
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FK002481%2F1
• 关键词: GREENHOUSE; Generating; Regional; Emissions; Estimates

The UK is committed to quantifying and managing its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG, i.e. CO2, CH4, N2O) to reduce the threat of dangerous climate change. Sinks and sources of GHGs vary in space and time across the UK because of the landscape's mosaic of managed and semi-natural ecosystems, and the varying temporal sensitivities of each GHG's emissions to meteorology and management. Understanding spatio-temporal patterns of biogenic GHG emissions will lead to improvements in flux estimates, allow inventories with greater sensitivity to management and climate, and advance the modelling of feedbacks between climate, land use and GHG emissions. Addressing Deliverable C of the NERC Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Feedbacks Research Programme, we will use extensive existing UK field data on GHG emissions, supplemented with targeted new measurements at a range of scales, to build accurate GHG inventories and improve the capabilities of two land surface models (LSMs) to estimate GHG emissions.Our measurements will underpin state-of-the-art temporal and spatial upscaling frameworks. The temporal framework will evaluate diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual variation in emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O over dominant UK land-covers, resolving management interventions such as ploughing, fertilizing and harvesting, and the effects of weather and climate variability. The spatial framework will evaluate landscape heterogeneity at patch (m), field (ha) and landscape (km2) scales, in two campaigns combining chambers, tower and airborne flux measurements in arable croplands of eastern England, and grazing and forest landscapes of northern Britain.For modelling, we will update two LSMs, JULES and C-tessel, so that both generate estimates of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes from managed landscapes. The models will be updated to include the capabilities to represent changes in land use over time, to represent changes in land management over time (crop sowing, fertilizing, harvesting, ploughing etc), and the capacity to simulate forest rotations. With these changes in place, we will determine parameterisations for dominant UK land-covers and management interventions, using our spatio-temporal data. The work is organized in five science work-packages (WP). WP1: Data assembly and preliminary analysis. We will create a database of GHG emissions data and ancillary data for major UK landcovers/landuses in order to calibrate and evaluate the LSMs' capabilities, and generate spatial databases of environmental and management drivers for the models.WP2. GHG measurement at multiple scales. We deploy advanced technology to generate new information on spatial GHG processes from simultaneous measurement from chamber (<1 m) to landscape (40 km) length scales, and on temporal flux variation from minutes to years.WP3. Earth observation (EO) to support upscaling. EO data will provide: i) driving data for LSM upscaling, from flux tower to aircraft campaign scales; and ii) spatial data for testing LSM outputs at these larger scales.WP4 Upscaling GHG processes. Firstly, the two LSMs will be updated to allow the impacts of management activities on GHG emissions to be simulated, with calibration against an array of temporal flux data. Then, we will use the LSMs to model the fluxes of GHGs at larger spatial scales, based on a rigorous understanding of how the nonlinearity of responses and the non-Gaussian distribution of environmental input variables interact, for each GHG, using all available field data at finer scales. WP5 Application at the regional scale. The LSMs will upscale GHG emissions for both campaign regions (E. England, N. Britain) using a 1-km2 resolution simulations with a focus on the airborne campaign periods of 4 weeks. We will determine how regional upscaling error can be reduced with intensive spatial soil and land management data.

英国致力于量化和管理其温室气体（GHG，即CO2， CH4, N2O）的排放，以减少危险的气候变化的威胁。在英国，温室气体的汇和源在空间和时间上都是不同的，因为景观上镶嵌着人工管理和半自然的生态系统，以及每种温室气体排放对气象和管理的不同时间敏感性。了解生物源性温室气体排放的时空格局将有助于改进通量估算，使清单对管理和气候更加敏感，并促进对气候、土地利用和温室气体排放之间反馈的建模。针对NERC温室气体（GHG）排放和反馈研究计划的可交付成果C，我们将使用大量现有的英国温室气体排放现场数据，并辅以一系列尺度的有针对性的新测量，以建立准确的温室气体清单，并提高两个陆地表面模型（LSMs）估计温室气体排放的能力。我们的测量将支持最先进的时间和空间升级框架。该时间框架将评估英国主要土地覆盖上CO2、CH4和N2O排放的日、季节和年际变化，解决耕作、施肥和收获等管理干预措施，以及天气和气候变化的影响。空间框架将在斑块(m)、场（ha）和景观（km2）尺度上评估景观异质性，在两个项目中结合室内、塔式和空中通量测量，在英格兰东部的耕地和英国北部的放牧和森林景观中进行。在建模方面，我们将更新两个LSMs， JULES和C-tessel，以便它们都产生受管理景观中CO2、CH4和N2O通量的估算值。这些模型将得到更新，以包括反映土地利用随时间变化的能力，反映土地管理随时间变化的能力（作物播种、施肥、收获、耕作等），以及模拟森林轮作的能力。有了这些变化，我们将利用我们的时空数据确定英国主要土地覆盖和管理干预措施的参数化。这项工作分为五个科学工作包（WP）。WP1：数据汇编和初步分析。我们将建立一个英国主要土地覆盖/土地利用的温室气体排放数据和辅助数据数据库，以校准和评估lsm的能力，并为模型生成环境和管理驱动因素的空间数据库。多尺度的温室气体测量。我们利用先进的技术，从室内（<1米）到景观（40公里）长度尺度的同步测量，以及从分钟到年的时间通量变化，产生关于温室气体空间过程的新信息。地球观测（EO）支持升级。EO数据将提供：i) LSM升级的驱动数据，从通量塔到飞机战役规模；ii)用于在这些更大尺度上测试LSM输出的空间数据。WP4升级温室气体过程。首先，将更新两个LSMs，以便模拟管理活动对温室气体排放的影响，并根据一系列时间通量数据进行校准。然后，我们将使用LSMs在更大的空间尺度上模拟温室气体的通量，基于对响应的非线性和环境输入变量的非高斯分布如何相互作用的严格理解，使用所有可用的现场数据在更细的尺度上对每种温室气体进行模拟。WP5在区域尺度上的应用。LSMs将使用1平方公里分辨率模拟，重点关注4周的空降战役期间，对两个战役区域（英格兰东部、英国北部）的温室气体排放进行升级。我们将确定如何利用密集的空间土壤和土地管理数据来减少区域升级误差。

项目成果

A user-friendly forest model with a multiplicative mathematical structure: a Bayesian approach to calibration

• DOI: 10.5194/gmdd-7-6997-2014
• 发表时间: 2014-10
• 期刊: Geoscientific Model Development Discussions
• 作者: M. Bagnara;M. Oijen;D. Cameron;D. Gianelle;F. Magnani;M. Sottocornola

Nitrous oxide emission sources from a mixed livestock farm

• DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.014
• 发表时间: 2017-06-01
• 期刊: AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT
• 影响因子: 6.6
• 作者: Cowan, N. J.;Levy, P. E.;Skiba, U. M.
• 通讯作者: Skiba, U. M.

The influence of tillage on N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O fluxes from an intensively managed grazed grassland in Scotland

耕作对氮素的影响

• DOI: 10.5194/bg-2015-643
• 发表时间: 2016
• 作者: Cowan N

Infilled Ditches are Hotspots of Landscape Methane Flux Following Peatland Re-wetting

• DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9791-3
• 发表时间: 2014-11-01
• 期刊: ECOSYSTEMS
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Cooper, Mark. D. A.;Evans, Christopher. D.;Freeman, Christopher
• 通讯作者: Freeman, Christopher