The impact of evolving of rice systems from China to Southeast Asia

中国水稻系统演变对东南亚的影响

• 批准号: NE/K003402/1
• 负责人: Dorian Fuller
• 金额: $ 93.75万
• 依托单位: University College London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FK003402%2F1
• 关键词: impact; evolving; rice; systems; China

As the world's most productive crop, the history and potential of rice is of great interest to crop scientists and archaeologists, and as a greenhouse gas producer its history is important to climatic modelling. Understanding the development, diversification and spread of rice agriculture is central not only to our understanding of the processes of human population growth, dispersal and formation of civi-lizations in Asia, it is also central to reconstructing how past agricultural activities might have im-pacted global climate through methane emissions and deforestation. Archaeobotanical evidence offers a powerful set of tools for not only documenting where and when rice was cultivated in the past, but how it was cultivated through the analysis of ecology of associated weed flora in macro-remains assemblages and phytolith assemblages. We have pio-neered the study archaeological rice weed flora and the combination of archaeological plant macro-remains and phytoliths in our recent NERC-supported research in parts of India, Sri Lanka and China (NE/G005540/1). We propose to roll out this method over a wider geographical and cultural area, as well refining the approach through some additional modern analogues. we propose to focus our work on the less known parts of Asia, especially mainland Southeast Asia and the southern parts of China, as well as further work in the eastern parts of India. These regions are central to hypotheses on the dispersal of rice cultivation, including models linking the spread of rice to major language families such as Austroasiatic and Austronesian, and yet a lack systematically-studied evidence for rice cultivation itself, or evidence as to whether early rice represented an extension of the alluvial wetland cultivation systems like those of the Neolithic Yangtze (early subspecies japonica, typical of many modern temperate japonica) or the develop-ment of upland rainfed systems (the latter typical of many modern tropical japonica rices), with a secondary later parallel evolution of irrigated wet rice systems amongst indica rices. Therefore we will use a combination of archaeobotanical seed remains, including weed flora, and phytoliths to reconstruct the earliest rice cultivation systems (Neolithic-Bronze Age) along the three hypothesized trajectories of rice diffusion southwards from the Yangtze basin towards south-east Asia, namely in Yunnan, Guangdong, and Fujian, as well as across a range of subregions, environments and periods in mainland Southeast Asia (mainly in Thailand and Vietnam) to assess the extent to which rainfed and wet irrigated systems were practiced, and whether different regional patterns or a single evolutionary trajectory can be reconstructed.On the basis of our reconstructed rice arable systems and weed flora assemblages to as-sess the likelihood of single or multiple pathways for the spread of rice into Southeast Asia, by analysing the geographical and chronological patterns of weed flora. We will then use our improved understanding of how rice was cultivated in different times and periods of southern China and Southeastern Asia to produce improved models of past wetland rice area and linked methane emissions over time, grounded in the empirical evidence for past rice cultivation. Results will be of direct relevance to prehistorians and quaternary scientists interested in Holocene Asia and rice agriculture, but such results will have a wider impact in terms of assessing the regional and global impact, and sustainability, of different traditions of rice agriculture, and its contribution to ancient anthropogenic methane emissions.

作为世界上产量最高的作物，水稻的历史和潜力引起了作物科学家和考古学家的极大兴趣，作为温室气体产生者，其历史对气候建模非常重要。了解水稻农业的发展、多样化和传播不仅对我们了解亚洲人口增长、扩散和文明形成的过程至关重要，而且对重建过去的农业活动如何通过甲烷排放和森林砍伐影响全球气候也至关重要。古植物学证据提供了一套强有力的工具，不仅记录了过去水稻种植的地点和时间，而且通过分析大型遗骸组合和植硅体组合中相关杂草植物群的生态学来记录水稻是如何种植的。我们在印度、斯里兰卡和中国的部分地区（NE/G 005540/1）进行的考古稻杂草植物群的研究以及考古植物大遗迹和植硅体的结合研究是我们最近的研究项目。我们建议在更广泛的地理和文化区域推广这种方法，并通过一些额外的现代类似物来改进这种方法。我们建议把工作重点放在亚洲较不为人所知的地区，特别是东南亚大陆和中国南部地区，并在印度东部地区进一步开展工作。这些地区是关于水稻种植扩散的假设的核心，包括将水稻传播与主要语系（如南亚语系和南岛语系）联系起来的模型，但缺乏系统研究水稻种植本身的证据，也没有证据表明早稻是否代表了新石器时代长江冲积湿地种植系统的延伸（早期亚种japonica，许多现代温带粳稻的典型）或高地水稻系统的发展（后者是许多现代热带粳稻的典型），与籼稻之间灌溉湿稻系统的次级后期平行进化。因此，我们将利用包括杂草植物群和植硅石在内的考古植物学种子遗骸，重建最早的水稻栽培系统（新石器-青铜时代）沿着三条假设的水稻从长江流域向南扩散到东南亚的轨迹，即云南、广东和福建，以及一系列次区域，东南亚大陆的环境与时期（主要是在泰国和越南），以评估在多大程度上，灌溉和湿灌溉系统的做法，不同的区域模式或单一的进化轨迹是否可以重建。在我们重建的水稻种植系统的基础上，和杂草植物群组合，通过分析杂草植物群的地理和年代模式，探讨水稻传入东南亚的单一或多重途径的可能性。然后，我们将利用我们对中国南方和东南亚不同时期水稻种植方式的更好理解，以过去水稻种植的经验证据为基础，制作过去湿地水稻面积和甲烷排放量随时间变化的改进模型。研究结果将与对全新世亚洲和水稻农业感兴趣的史前学家和第四纪科学家直接相关，但这些结果将在评估区域和全球影响方面产生更广泛的影响，以及不同水稻农业传统的可持续性，以及其对古代人为甲烷排放的贡献。

项目成果

Sembiran and Pacung on the north coast of Bali: a strategic crossroads for early trans-Asiatic exchange

• DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2014.45
• 发表时间: 2015-04-01
• 期刊: ANTIQUITY
• 影响因子: 1.8
• 作者: Calo, Ambra;Prasetyo, Bagyo;Carter, Alison K.
• 通讯作者: Carter, Alison K.

Hunter-gatherer specialization in the late Neolithic of southern Vietnam - The case of Rach Nui

• DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.11.034
• 发表时间: 2018-09-30
• 期刊: QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Castillo, Cristina Cobo;Fuller, Dorian Q.;Oxenham, Marc
• 通讯作者: Oxenham, Marc

A step forward in tropical anthracology: understanding woodland vegetation and wood uses in ancient Sri Lanka based on charcoal records from Mantai, Kirinda and Kantharodai

热带人类学的进步：根据 Mantai、Kirinda 和 Kantharodai 的木炭记录了解古代斯里兰卡的林地植被和木材用途

• DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.009
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Quaternary International
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Allué E

Phytoliths as a tool for investigations of agricultural origins and dispersals around the world

植硅体作为研究世界各地农业起源和传播的工具

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.010
• 发表时间: 2016-04-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Ball, Terry;Chandler-Ezell, Karol;Zhang, Jianping
• 通讯作者: Zhang, Jianping

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Diet

牛津饮食考古学手册

• DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199694013.013.7
• 发表时间: 2015
• 作者: Castillo C