Ice NUcleation Process Investigation And Quantification

冰成核过程研究和定量

• 批准号: NE/K006002/1
• 负责人: Paul Connolly
• 金额: $ 61.09万
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FK006002%2F1
• 关键词: Ice; NUcleation; Process; Investigation; Quantification

In this proposal we are seeking funds to take part in a field campaign that we have been invited to contribute to, which has international participants, is multidisciplinary, and will study aerosol-cloud interactions at the Jungfraujoch mountain site in the Swiss Alps in winter 2013.This is a cost effective and timely project, building on previous NERC investment. The Earth's radiation budget is very greatly affected by clouds, and human-induced changes to the particle loading affecting them, known as indirect effects, are large and highly uncertain. A large part of this uncertainty is the result of poor knowledge of the fundamental aerosol and cloud properties and processes, leading to their poor representation in the current state-of-the-science models. Indeed the IPCC did not have any assessment of the sign, let alone the uncertainty in radiative forcing, which was attributable to the effects of aerosols on ice clouds as they thought that the uncertainties were at present too large.Hypotheses:1. That the rapid transitions between ice and mixed phase / liquid clouds are due to aerosol-cloud interactions.2. That the number of ice crystals within the clouds observed at Jungfraujoch can be explained by the heterogeneous IN observed at a site upwind of the clouds3. That laboratory derived ice nucleation parameterisations, based on surrogates of atmospheric particles (e.g. dust, biological particles, soot) are adequate to explain primary ice formation rates within the clouds.4. That the ice-ice aggregation rates derived from the NERC SIMPLEX project (PI: Connolly) can be used to explain ice-ice aggregation in the real atmosphere. 5. That the secondary ice multiplication is a strong contributor to ice within these clouds.We propose to gain further insight into these problems and test these hypotheses by conducting a field campaign followed by extensive data analysis and modelling. The field campaign will have several novel facets:1. State-of-the-science cloud microphysics measurements, including, 2DS and CPI-3V.2. Novel measurements of biological, dust, black carbon, volatile and total aerosols as well as their enrichment within ice particles at the site.3. Measurements of ice nuclei using IN counters, both at the site (in-cloud) and at an upwind site.4. A proven collaboration with international partners, involving scientists from Switzerland and several institutes in Germany.5. Expertise from NCAS instrument scientists in the deployment of instruments into the field.6. Measurements of profiles of aerosols and turbulence using lidar at the upwind site.In order to interpret the measurements we will use a detailed aerosol-cloud and precipitation interactions model, developed at Manchester as part of the APPRAISE research programme by the PI: Connolly. This will enable us to take the aerosols measured at two sites and use them to test ice nucleation parameterisations in the model and verify them against data from ice nucleus counters and in-cloud measurements of ice crystal concentrations. The model will be used to derive enrichment factors for the different particles. It will also allow us to address the various objectives.The data analysis and modelling program will benefit from:1. Expertise from NCAS instrument scientists in the analysis of data and derivation of data products.2. PDRA: Christopher Dearden who has a range of expertise in modelling cloud microphysical processes using both mesoscale models and detailed bin microphysics models.3. PDRA: Ian Crawford who has a range of expertise in field deployment of microphysics probes and interpretation.4. Close collaboration with colleagues in the field ice nucleation and parameterisation so that the latest developments can be incorporated into the analysis.We feel that there is the potential to make large gains here by bringing together world leading scientists to the same field campaign with similar, but distinct aims.

在这份提案中，我们正在寻求资金，以参与我们应邀参与的一项实地活动，该活动有国际参与者，是多学科的，将于2013年冬季在瑞士阿尔卑斯山的Jungfraujoch山区研究气溶胶-云相互作用。这是一个具有成本效益且及时的项目，建立在NERC之前的投资基础上。地球的辐射预算受云层的影响非常大，而人类对影响云层的粒子负荷的变化，即所谓的间接影响，是巨大的和高度不确定的。这种不确定性在很大程度上是由于对基本气溶胶和云的性质和过程知之甚少，导致它们在当前最新的科学模型中表现不佳。事实上，IPCC没有对这一迹象进行任何评估，更不用说辐射强迫的不确定性了，这可归因于气溶胶对冰云的影响，因为他们认为目前不确定性太大。假设：1.冰云和混合相/液态云之间的快速转变是气溶胶-云相互作用的结果。在Jungfraujoch观测到的云中冰晶的数量可以通过在云的上风3处观测到的异质IN来解释。实验室根据大气颗粒(例如灰尘、生物颗粒、烟尘)的替代物得出的冰核参数足以解释云中的初级冰形成速率。从NERC Simple项目(PI：Connolly)得出的冰-冰聚集率可以用来解释真实大气中的冰-冰聚集。5.二次冰的增加对这些云中的冰有很大的贡献。我们建议进一步了解这些问题，并通过进行现场活动和广泛的数据分析和模拟来检验这些假说。实地活动将有几个新的方面：1.最先进的云微物理测量，包括2DS和CPI-3V.2。对生物、粉尘、黑碳、挥发性和总气溶胶及其在现场冰粒中的浓缩进行了新的测量。使用IN计数器在站点(云中)和上风站点测量冰核。与国际伙伴进行了行之有效的合作，瑞士的科学家和德国的几个研究所参与了这项工作。NCAS仪器科学家在现场部署仪器方面的专业知识。使用激光雷达在上风位置测量气溶胶和湍流的廓线。为了解释这些测量，我们将使用一个详细的气溶胶-云和降水相互作用模式，该模式是由PI：Connolly开发的评估研究计划的一部分。这将使我们能够获取在两个地点测量的气溶胶，并使用它们来测试模型中的冰核参数，并根据冰核计数器和云中冰晶浓度测量的数据进行验证。该模型将被用来推导不同颗粒的浓缩系数。数据分析和建模计划将受益于：1.NCAS仪器科学家在数据分析和数据产品派生方面的专业知识。PDRA：Christopher Dearden，他在使用中尺度模型和详细的bin微物理模型对云微物理过程进行建模方面拥有一系列专业知识。PDRA：Ian Crawford，他在现场部署微物理探测器和解释方面拥有一系列专业知识。与冰核和参数化领域的同事们密切合作，以便将最新的发展纳入分析。我们认为，通过将世界领先的科学家聚集到同一领域的运动中，具有相似但不同的目标，我们有可能在这方面取得重大进展。

项目成果

Microscopic Observations of Riming on an Ice Surface Using High Speed Video

• DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.10.014
• 发表时间: 2017-03
• 期刊: Atmospheric Research
• 影响因子: 5.5
• 作者: C. Emersic;P. Connolly

Chapter 7. Secondary Ice Production - current state of the science and recommendations for the future

第 7 章：二次制冰——科学现状和未来建议

• 发表时间: 2016
• 作者: []

Evaluation of hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis methods for discrimination of primary biological aerosol

• DOI: 10.5194/amt-8-4979-2015
• 发表时间: 2015-01-01
• 期刊: ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
• 影响因子: 3.8
• 作者: Crawford, I.;Ruske, S.;Gallagher, M. W.
• 通讯作者: Gallagher, M. W.

Observations of fluorescent aerosol-cloud interactions in the free troposphere at the High-Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

• DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2273-2016
• 发表时间: 2016-01-01
• 期刊: ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
• 影响因子: 6.3
• 作者: Crawford, I.;Lloyd, G.;Gallagher, M. W.
• 通讯作者: Gallagher, M. W.

A potential hidden layer of meteorites below the ice surface of Antarctica.

• DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10679
• 发表时间: 2016-02-16
• 期刊: Nature communications
• 影响因子: 16.6
• 作者: Evatt GW;Coughlan MJ;Joy KH;Smedley AR;Connolly PJ;Abrahams ID
• 通讯作者: Abrahams ID