Ocean Dynamics as Driver of Seasonal to Decadal European Atmospheric variability (ODYSEA)

海洋动力学作为欧洲大气季节到十年变化的驱动因素（ODYSEA）

• 批准号: NE/M006069/1
• 负责人: David Stevens
• 金额: $ 24.49万
• 依托单位: University of East Anglia
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2015 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FM006069%2F1
• 关键词: Ocean; Dynamics; Driver; Seasonal; Decadal

ODYSEA will assess how, when, and where the ocean affects atmospheric variability and weather in Europe and in particular in the UK on timescales up to a decade. Particular emphasis will be on the identification of oceanic precursors that indicate the development of unusually warm, cold, dry or wet conditions several months or years in advance, especially related to extreme weather events. Such precursors can include changes in the ocean surface temperature or in the position of major ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream.On a climatological level, the large heat capacity of the Atlantic ocean acts to moderate the seasonal cycle of temperature over Western Europe. The Atlantic also provides much of the moisture precipitating over Europe, including the recent widespread flooding in the UK in late 2013/early 2014. Together, the circulation of the ocean and the atmosphere act to reduce the temperature difference between low and high latitudes by carrying heat polewards from the tropics. In the Atlantic, the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) transports heat northward at a rate of more than 1000 Terawatts (TW) - equivalent to the energy produced by 1,000,000 average sized nuclear power stations. This heat transport leads to an additional warming of Western Europe that is present throughout the year and temperatures in Western Europe are on average higher than at similar latitudes in the maritime climate of Northwest America. Both theoretical arguments and GCM simulations suggest that ocean poleward heat transports are capable of having very profound impacts on the atmospheric storm tracks which are responsible for much of the day-to-day variability in European weather. Such changes may also influence the pathways of the proposed "teleconnections" that link atmospheric variability in remote regions to the European continent. In ODYSEA we will therefore investigate how variability in the ocean circulation modulates the atmospheric circulation and its impact on Europe. Research suggests that meanders of the Gulf Stream affect the atmosphere in a region that is key to the formation of North Atlantic Storms. The MOC has also been shown to be highly variable with likely impacts on ocean surface temperatures. This affects the amount of heat released to the atmosphere overlying the ocean, but also the atmospheric circulation through which oceanic heat and moisture is carried towards the continents. A recent study performed at NOC suggests that anomalies of surface ocean temperatures were key to the development of the atmospheric conditions that led to the extremely cold December of 2010. These anomalous ocean surface temperatures were preceded by a particularly weak MOC in 2009. In ODYSEA we will establish if similar oceanic impacts can be identified for previous weather extremes that have affected Europe and the UK (e.g. wet summers of 2005, 2007 and 2012, the heat waves in the summer of 2003 and of July 2006). Emphasis will be on acquiring a better understanding of the mechanisms through which the ocean can impact the atmosphere and therefore our weather and climate. Current knowledge strongly suggests that the ocean affects variability of European weather and climate on timescales of months to years, but the underlying mechanisms are far from fully understood. This hampers prediction and attribution of those events. ODYSEA will reduce this gap in our understanding of the variability of UK/European weather and climate by using cutting edge ocean and atmosphere models available in the UK as well as by analysing data from the latest seasonal to decadal forecasting systems run by the UK Met Office.

ODYSEA将评估海洋如何、何时、何地影响欧洲的大气变化和天气，特别是在英国，时间跨度长达十年。将特别强调查明海洋前兆，这些前兆表明提前几个月或几年出现异常温暖、寒冷、干燥或潮湿的情况，特别是与极端天气事件有关的情况。这些前兆包括海洋表面温度或墨西哥湾流等主要洋流位置的变化，在气候学层面上，大西洋的巨大热容量缓和了西欧温度的季节性循环。大西洋还提供了欧洲上空的大部分降水，包括2013年底/2014年初英国最近发生的大范围洪水。海洋和大气的环流共同作用，通过将热量从热带带向极地，减少了低纬度和高纬度之间的温差。在大西洋，赤道翻转环流（MOC）以超过1000太瓦（TW）的速度向北输送热量-相当于1，000，000个平均规模的核电站产生的能量。这种热量输送导致西欧全年额外变暖，西欧的平均气温高于美国西北部海洋性气候中类似纬度的气温。理论论证和GCM模拟都表明，海洋向极地的热传输能够对大气风暴轨迹产生非常深远的影响，而大气风暴轨迹是欧洲天气日复一日变化的主要原因。这种变化还可能影响到将偏远地区的大气变化与欧洲大陆联系起来的拟议“遥相关”的路径。因此，在ODYSEA，我们将研究海洋环流的变化如何调节大气环流及其对欧洲的影响。研究表明，墨西哥湾流的蜿蜒影响了该地区的大气，这是北大西洋风暴形成的关键。MOC也被证明是高度可变的，可能对海洋表面温度产生影响。这影响了释放到海洋上的大气的热量，也影响了海洋热量和水分被带到大陆的大气环流。NOC最近进行的一项研究表明，海洋表面温度的异常是导致2010年12月极端寒冷的大气条件发展的关键。在这些异常的海洋表面温度之前，2009年的MOC特别弱。在ODYSEA中，我们将确定是否可以确定以前影响欧洲和英国的极端天气（例如2005年，2007年和2012年的潮湿夏季，2003年夏季和2006年7月的热浪）的类似海洋影响。重点将是更好地了解海洋影响大气层的机制，从而影响我们的天气和气候。目前的知识有力地表明，海洋在几个月到几年的时间尺度上影响欧洲天气和气候的变化，但根本的机制还远未完全理解。这妨碍了对这些事件的预测和归因。ODYSEA将通过使用英国最先进的海洋和大气模型以及分析英国气象局运行的最新季节性到十年期预报系统的数据，减少我们对英国/欧洲天气和气候变化的理解。

项目成果

Interconnectivity Between Volume Transports Through Arctic Straits

• DOI: 10.1029/2018jc014320
• 发表时间: 2018-12
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
• 作者: A. M. Boer;Estanislao Gavilan Pascual‐Ahuir;D. Stevens;L. Chafik;D. Hutchinson;Qiong Zhang;L. Sime;Andrew J. Willmott-