Mobilising magma in the largest eruptions: Quantifying critical processes using in situ real time x-ray tomography

在最大规模的喷发中调动岩浆:使用原位实时 X 射线断层扫描量化关键过程

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    NE/M018687/1
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 80.95万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Fellowship
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2016 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

Volcanic eruptions are one the most powerful and impressive natural phenomena, and even relatively small eruptions can have major global impacts. The magma stored beneath volcanoes is an evolving mixture of molten rock (liquid), crystals (solid) and bubbles (gas). As magma cools the number of crystals increases and in principle, when magma reaches ~45% crystals the crystals jam together, 'locking up' and making it too stiff to move: the magma becomes 'uneruptible'. However, some of the most devastating explosive eruptions (including the largest super-eruption ever known) erupt large volumes (100-5000 km3) of this 'uneruptible' crystal-rich (45-60%) magma. So how do these crystal-rich eruptions happen? What lets the magma move?As we cannot visit a magma chamber, laboratory experiments with natural rock samples and synthetic approximations (analogues) are used to simulate what is happening beneath the volcano. From these experiments, we have developed models that describe how crystal-poor magma will flow when a force is applied (its rheology). However, these rheological models fail for more crystal-rich magma (concentrated suspensions). It is thought that in crystal-rich systems the magmas ability to move is critically controlled by the crystal-crystal, crystal-bubble and bubble-bubble interactions, and the variable spatial distribution of the crystals, bubbles and melt within the sample. In one hypothesis a build-up of pressure drives bubbles through the crystal network, and causes the network to break into pieces. Despite still having the same high crystal content, deformation can then occur in the crystal-poor regions between the pieces, and the magma becomes mobile. Crystal-rich magmas and their analogues are opaque, and conventional experimental methods do not allow us to observe the internal micro-scale processes. Therefore we have only been able to quantify the average behaviour of a volume of magma. While many possible microstructural interaction processes have been hypothesised, they remain untested. In this project the equipment used for conventional rheological experiments will be modified to allow the collection of 3D images in real time using X-ray computed Micro-Tomography (XMT). At the Diamond Light Source synchrotron facility this revolutionising imaging technology can capture the 3D internal structure of a sample (i.e. the distribution of crystals, bubbles and melt in a magma) in as little as a few seconds: producing a 3D 'movie' of what happens when the magma is deformed. By applying standard image analysis techniques to the 3D images captured over the course of an experiment, the distribution of bubbles, crystals, and melt can be quantified; every crystal and bubble can be tracked through time; and the nature of every interaction can be identified. For the first time we will be able to see what is happening inside the magma in 4D (3D + time).By working with analogue materials, and systematically testing the microstructural behaviour as we change the crystal content, crystal shape, bubble volume and a range of other parameters known to vary in magma chambers (e.g. temperature, pressure) the high speed 4D data will be used to map out the nature and importance of the different interactions, and define the role of micro-scale variability (phase distributions and interactions) on flow. These data will be used to build a new generation of rheological models that describe the mobility of complex two- and three-phase concentrated magmatic suspensions based on an accurate understanding of the microstructural physics and micro-scale variability. By running 4D experiments on natural samples and testing the model against the results, the project will identify the conditions under which crystal-rich magmas can erupt, and begin to identify the magmatic processes that lead to the most devastating eruptions.
火山爆发是最强大和最令人印象深刻的自然现象之一,即使是相对较小的爆发也会产生重大的全球影响。储存在火山下面的岩浆是一种不断演化的混合物,由熔融的岩石(液体)、晶体(固体)和气泡(气体)组成。随着岩浆冷却,晶体的数量增加,原则上,当岩浆达到约45%的晶体时,晶体会挤在一起,“锁定”并使其过于僵硬而无法移动:岩浆变得“无法喷发”。然而,一些最具破坏性的爆炸性喷发(包括有史以来最大的超级喷发)喷发出大量(100-5000立方公里)这种“不可喷发的”富含晶体(45-60%)的岩浆。那么这些富含晶体的喷发是如何发生的呢?是什么让岩浆流动?由于我们无法参观岩浆房,因此使用天然岩石样品和合成近似物(类似物)进行实验室实验,以模拟火山下方发生的情况。从这些实验中,我们已经开发出模型,描述了当施加力时,晶体贫乏的岩浆将如何流动(其流变学)。然而,这些流变学模型失败的晶体丰富的岩浆(浓缩悬浮液)。据认为,在富含晶体的系统中,岩浆的移动能力是由晶体-晶体、晶体-气泡和气泡-气泡相互作用以及样品中晶体、气泡和熔体的可变空间分布控制的。在一种假设中,压力的积累驱使气泡穿过晶体网络,并导致网络破裂成碎片。尽管仍然具有相同的高晶体含量,但在碎片之间的晶体贫乏区域会发生变形,岩浆变得移动的。富含晶体的岩浆及其类似物是不透明的,常规的实验方法不允许我们观察内部微观尺度的过程。因此,我们只能量化一定体积岩浆的平均行为。虽然许多可能的微观结构相互作用过程已被假设,他们仍然未经检验。在这个项目中,用于常规流变学实验的设备将被修改,以允许使用X射线计算机微断层扫描(XMT)在真实的时间内收集3D图像。在钻石光源同步加速器设施中,这种革命性的成像技术可以在短短几秒钟内捕获样品的3D内部结构(即岩浆中晶体,气泡和熔体的分布):产生岩浆变形时发生的3D“电影”。通过将标准图像分析技术应用于在实验过程中捕获的3D图像,可以量化气泡,晶体和熔体的分布;可以通过时间跟踪每个晶体和气泡;并且可以识别每个相互作用的性质。这是我们第一次能够以4D的方式看到岩浆内部发生的事情(3D +时间)。通过使用模拟材料,并在我们改变晶体含量、晶体形状、气泡体积和已知在岩浆房中变化的一系列其他参数时系统地测试显微结构行为。高速4D数据将用于绘制不同相互作用的性质和重要性,并定义微观尺度变化(相分布和相互作用)对流动的作用。这些数据将被用来建立一个新一代的流变学模型,描述复杂的两相和三相浓缩岩浆悬浮液的流动性的基础上准确理解的微观结构物理和微观尺度的变化。通过对天然样品进行4D实验并根据结果测试模型,该项目将确定富含晶体的岩浆喷发的条件,并开始确定导致最具破坏性的火山喷发的岩浆过程。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(10)
专著数量(0)
科研奖励数量(0)
会议论文数量(0)
专利数量(0)
A Scaling for the Permeability of Loose Magma Mush Validated Using X-Ray Computed Tomography of Packed Confectionary in 3D and Estimation Methods From 2D Crystal Shapes
使用 3D 包装糖果的 X 射线计算机断层扫描和 2D 晶体形状的估计方法验证松散岩浆糊渗透性的缩放
  • DOI:
    10.1029/2023jb026795
  • 发表时间:
    2023
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    3.4
  • 作者:
    Bretagne E
  • 通讯作者:
    Bretagne E
The permeability of loose magma mush
松散岩浆糊的渗透性
  • DOI:
    10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12185
  • 发表时间:
    2022
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Bretagne E
  • 通讯作者:
    Bretagne E
In situ granulation by thermal stress during subaqueous volcanic eruptions
  • DOI:
    10.1130/g45503.1
  • 发表时间:
    2019-02-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    5.8
  • 作者:
    Colombier, Mathieu;Scheu, Bettina;Dingwell, Donald B.
  • 通讯作者:
    Dingwell, Donald B.
Vesicle shrinkage in hydrous phonolitic melt during cooling
水合酚醛树脂熔体冷却过程中的囊泡收缩
Experimental study of chlorite authigenesis and influence on porosity maintenance in sandstones
砂岩绿泥石自生及其对孔隙保持影响的实验研究
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Katherine Dobson其他文献

Katherine Dobson的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Katherine Dobson', 18)}}的其他基金

Imaging for Multi-scale Multi-modal and Multi-disciplinary Analysis for EnGineering and Environmental Sustainability (IM3AGES)
工程和环境可持续性多尺度、多模式和多学科分析成像 (IM3AGES)
  • 批准号:
    EP/Z531133/1
  • 财政年份:
    2024
  • 资助金额:
    $ 80.95万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant
Mobilising magma in the largest eruptions: Quantifying critical processes using in situ real time x-ray tomography
在最大规模的喷发中调动岩浆:使用原位实时 X 射线断层扫描量化关键过程
  • 批准号:
    NE/M018687/2
  • 财政年份:
    2019
  • 资助金额:
    $ 80.95万
  • 项目类别:
    Fellowship
The GeoX Suite: Environmental cells for NERC research using in situ imaging
GeoX Suite:使用原位成像进行 NERC 研究的环境单元
  • 批准号:
    NE/T00908X/1
  • 财政年份:
    2019
  • 资助金额:
    $ 80.95万
  • 项目类别:
    Research Grant

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  • 批准号:
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  • 批准号:
    11071150
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    2010
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    32.0 万元
  • 项目类别:
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NSFGEO-NERC: Imaging the magma storage region and hydrothermal system of an active arc volcano
NSFGEO-NERC:对活弧火山的岩浆储存区域和热液系统进行成像
  • 批准号:
    NE/X000656/1
  • 财政年份:
    2025
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NERC-NSFGEO:对活弧火山的岩浆储存区域和热液系统进行成像
  • 批准号:
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Modelling Magma Movement: linking indirect observations with dynamic processes
岩浆运动建模:将间接观察与动态过程联系起来
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喀斯喀特火山下岩浆体的系统制图
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合作研究:GLOW:早期地球、金星和月球的基底岩浆海洋发电机
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Elucidation of a formation history of a magma reservoir from plutonic and contact metamorphic rocks
阐明深成岩和接触变质岩岩浆库的形成历史
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岩浆室脱气减压是否会引发火山喷发?
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