Refinement of techniques and evaluation of options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ruminant production systems in Brazil and the UK

反刍家畜的甲烷排放量占农业温室气体排放量的很大比例。减少这一部门的排放量在很大程度上取决于作为缓解战略基础的测量方法的改进。英国和巴西目前正在开发最先进的设施，使用一系列实验方法测量牲畜产生的甲烷。由于与这项研究相关的高度优先级，科学正在迅速发展，国际合作是加速进展的一条非常有效的途径。在广泛的条件下（放牧/室内;高和低生产强度;饲料/肥料是否进口到系统中）测量甲烷排放量的方法的开发和标准化是该项目考虑的第一个问题。这就需要交流研究人员，以获得不同方法和生产系统的经验。研究人员将与正在进行的研究一起使用各种甲烷排放测量系统：英国：呼吸室; '嗅探'罩;激光甲烷枪;和甲烷代理（关于产甲烷菌膜脂和氢同位素分馏的工作）。粗放系统和农牧林业系统测量（使用SF6示踪技术测定肠道甲烷，使用静态封闭室法测定土壤N2 O、CH 4和CO2）。英国和巴西圈养和放牧牛甲烷排放量测量方法的标准化。汇集对每个国家进行的技术的独立评价，以确定可能的改进。产出：审查文件确定新的甲烷测量方法用于自由放牧牛的潜力。这将涉及审查目前用于放牧牛的技术（六氟化硫; SF6）和正在开发的其他方法（移动的传感器和代用技术）。输出量：计划开展一项联合研究项目，以开发该方法。开发热应激和甲烷产生的联合测量方法-改进呼吸室的使用，从“温室气体缓解”研究转向“温室气体适应”研究。输出量：将解决的第二个挑战是，当考虑到与特定处理相关的全部温室气体成本时，对每头奶牛甲烷排放量的影响可能被否定。这就需要一种系统的方法来模拟甲烷排放，考虑到更广泛的排放（例如，在系统中使用的饲料和肥料的生产中）。我们将采用Tier 2排放框架建模方法（二氧化碳和一氧化二氮的一些Tier 1值），以评估每个国家先前研究的减缓方案。产出：建模文件。

Methane emissions from ruminant livestock make up a significant proportion of the emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Reductions of emissions from this sector depend heavily on improvements in measurements on which to base mitigation strategies. The UK and Brazil are currently developing state -of-the -art facilities for the measurement of methane from livestock using a range of experimental approaches. As a consequence o f the high priority linked to this research, the science is developing rapidly, and international collaboration is a highly affective route to accelerating progress.Development and standardisation of methods for measuring methane emissions under a wide range of conditions (grazing/indoors; high- and low-production intensity; feed/fertiliser imported into the systems or not) is the first issue to consider in this project. This requires exchange of researchers to gain experience of the different methods and production systems. Researchers will work alongside ongoing studies using the various methane emissions measurements systems in:UK: respiration chambers; 'sniffer' hoods; laser methane gun; and methane proxies (work on methanogen membrane lipids and hydrogen isotopic fractionation).Brazil: extensive systems and crop-livestock-forestry systems measurements (enteric methane using SF6 tracer technique, soil N2O, CH4 and CO2 using static closed chamber method) in the Pecus Network.Specific objectives of the work on methane methods are:Standardisation of methodologies for measuring methane emissions from housed and grazing cattle in the UK and Brazil. Bringing together independent evaluations of techniques conducted in each country to identify potential improvements. Output: review paperIdentifying potential for new methane measurement approaches for use with free-grazing cattle. This will involve reviewing techniques currently used with grazing cattle (sulphur hexafluoride; SF6) and other methods under development (mobile sensors and proxy techniques). Output: plan for a joint research programme to develop the approach.Developing methods for combined measurements of heat stress and methane production - refining use of respiration chambers to move from 'GHG mitigation' to 'GHG adaptation' research. Output: technical report.A second challenge that will be addressed is the fact that effects on methane emissions per cow may be negated when the full GHG costs associated with a particular treatment are taken into account. This requires a systematic approach to modelling methane emissions that takes account of wider emissions (e.g. in the production of feed and fertiliser used in the system). We will adopt a Tier 2 Emissions Framework modelling approach (with some Tier 1 values for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide) to evaluate mitigation options from previous studies in each country. Output: modelling paper.