Modelling and managing critical zone relationships between soil, water and ecosystem processes across the Loess Plateau

黄土高原土壤、水和生态系统过程之间关键区域关系的建模和管理

• 批准号: NE/N007433/1
• 负责人: Lianhai Wu
• 金额: $ 51.22万
• 依托单位: Rothamsted Research
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FN007433%2F1
• 关键词: Modelling; managing; critical; zone; relationships

The Loess Plateau of China covers an area 2.5x the size of the UK (some 640,000 square km) in the upper and middle reaches of China's Yellow River and is renowned for having the most severe soil erosion in the world; deforestation, over-grazing and poor agricultural practice have resulted in degenerated ecosystems, desertification and unproductive agriculture in the region. To control severe soil erosion on the Loess Plateau, the Chinese government imposed a series of policies for fragile ecosystems, such as the 1999 state-funded "Grain-for-Green" project, which has resulted in significant land use changes. Related programmes have produced beneficial effects on soil erosion and water cycles. However, the impact of these changes in soil and water processes on related ecosystem services is unknown and demands further study. The proposed research will focus on three spatial scales: slope, watershed, and region. It uses a combination of A) experiments to collect environmental, biological and agronomic data; B) remote sensing data and C) modelling approaches. A) Data collection: Four experimental stations located in four main topographical regions of the Plateau are chosen as case studies: 1) Ansai Comprehensive Experimental Station of Soil and Water Conservation; 2) Changwu Agro-ecology Experiment Station; 3) Guyuan Ecological Station; 4) Shenmu Erosion and Environment Station. At each station, treatments of different vegetative covers, slopes, and the practices of soil and water conservation at the plot scale were set up in the 1980s and data collections include: soil water, canopy size, runoff, soil losses and meteorological records. Most of the Chinese members of this project have been involved in prior studies at the stations.At the slope scale, additional environmental, biological and agronomic data will be monitored in a sub-set of the plots. At watershed scale, four watersheds where the stations are located will be monitored. The spatial distribution of the following variables will be measured: precipitation, soil properties, vegetative types, canopy size, runoff and soil loss.B) Remote sensing data collection: At the regional scale, remote sensing combined with ground-truthing data will be used to investigate the spatial variability of vegetation type, land cover, productivity, the components of water balance, soil losses, soil type, etc.C) Modelling approaches: a cascade approach will be used to build an improved model framework applied to different spatial scales. Mechanistic soil-water-plant models will be applied to the slope scale. Their outputs will then be used as inputs for models at watershed level. Spatial empirical/statistical models will be used at the regional level. Observed and collected data from A) and B) will be used to further develop, calibrate and validate our models.Model simulations at the slope level will be used to reveal the dynamic mechanisms in soil and water in different regions and analyse the effects of vegetation type, soil type, slope degree, climatic factors and management practice. Watershed models will estimate soil and water carrying capacity for different vegetation types, predict the effect of land use/cover changes on soil losses, water cycle and ecosystem services and evaluate management scenarios in the practices of soil and water conservation, vegetative changes, and ecosystem services. The soil and water carrying capacity for different vegetation types and the optimal ecosystem services will be addressed at the regional scale. Outreach workshops and demonstrations will disseminate knowledge to farmers and policy makers.The proposed research will elucidate the coupled relationships between soil and water processes and agro-ecosystem services at various scales, and evaluate the effects of vegetation cover and changes in land use on water cycle, soil erosion, and ecosystem services across the Loess Plateau.

中国的黄土高原位于中国黄河的中上游，面积是英国的2.5倍（约64万平方公里），以世界上最严重的水土流失而闻名;森林砍伐，过度放牧和不良的农业实践导致该地区生态系统退化，荒漠化和农业生产力低下。为了控制黄土高原严重的水土流失，中国政府对脆弱的生态系统实施了一系列政策，如1999年国家资助的“退耕还绿色”工程，导致了土地利用的重大变化。有关方案对土壤侵蚀和水循环产生了有益的影响。然而，土壤和水过程中的这些变化对相关生态系统服务的影响是未知的，需要进一步研究。拟议的研究将集中在三个空间尺度：坡度，流域和区域。它结合使用A）实验收集环境，生物和农艺数据; B）遥感数据和C）建模方法。A）数据收集：选择位于高原4个主要地形区的4个试验站作为研究对象：安塞水土保持综合试验站、长武农业生态试验站、固原生态试验站、神木侵蚀与环境试验站。在每个站，不同的植被覆盖，坡度，并在小区尺度上的水土保持措施的处理，在20世纪80年代建立和数据收集包括：土壤水，冠层大小，径流，土壤流失和气象记录。该项目的大多数中国成员都参与了先前在这些站的研究，在坡度尺度上，将在一组小块土地上监测更多的环境、生物和农艺数据。在流域尺度上，将对监测站所在的四个流域进行监测。将测量以下变量的空间分布：降水量、土壤性质、植被类型、树冠大小、径流和土壤流失。在区域一级，将利用遥感与地面实况数据相结合，调查植被类型、土地覆盖、生产力、水平衡组成部分、土壤流失、土壤类型、C）建模方法：将采用级联方法建立适用于不同空间尺度的改进模型框架。机械土壤-水-植物模型将应用于坡度尺度。其产出将被用作流域一级模型的投入。将在区域一级使用空间经验/统计模型。利用A）和B）的观测和收集数据，进一步发展、校准和验证我们的模型，并在坡面水平上进行模型模拟，以揭示不同区域土壤和水分的动态机制，分析植被类型、土壤类型、坡度、气候因素和管理措施的影响。流域模型将估算不同植被类型的土壤和水承载能力，预测土地利用/覆盖变化对土壤流失、水循环和生态系统服务的影响，并评估水土保持、植被变化和生态系统服务实践中的管理设想。将在区域一级探讨不同植被类型的土壤和水承载能力以及最佳生态系统服务。该研究将阐明不同尺度土壤和水过程与农业生态系统服务之间的耦合关系，并评估植被覆盖和土地利用变化对黄土高原水循环、土壤侵蚀和生态系统服务的影响。

项目成果

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The Importance of Scale and the MAUP for Robust Ecosystem Service Evaluations and Landscape Decisions

• DOI: 10.3390/land11030399
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• 作者: A. Comber;P. Harris

Sociatal Geo-Innovation, 20th AGILE Conference Proceedings

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Semantic considerations of local statistical modelling: what does it all mean?

本地统计建模的语义考虑：这一切意味着什么？

• 发表时间: 2017
• 作者: Comber A

gwverse: A Template for a New Generic Geographically Weighted R Package

• DOI: 10.1111/gean.12337
• 发表时间: 2021-09
• 期刊: Geographical Analysis
• 影响因子: 3.6
• 作者: A. Comber;M. Callaghan;P. Harris;Binbin Lu;N. Malleson;C. Brunsdon