Red Soil CZ: From natural to anthropogenic evolution of Red Soil and its impact on ecosystem function in the Critical Zone

红壤CZ：红壤从自然到人为的演化及其对关键带生态系统功能的影响

• 批准号: NE/N007611/1
• 负责人: Paul Hallett
• 金额: $ 80.99万
• 依托单位: University of Aberdeen
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FN007611%2F1
• 关键词: Red; Soil; CZ; natural; anthropogenic

Red soils cover 20% of each of China and India, the most populated countries on earth, as well as large areas of developing countries in southeast Asia, Africa and South America. They form in sub-tropical climates where excessive leaching from rainwater has produced an infertile, unstable soil that is very vulnerable to mismanagement, climate change and pollution such as acid rain. In China, red soils support about 40% of the population, made possible through the intensive use of fertilisers to boost crop yields. This farming system is unsustainable; fertilisers reaching groundwater, freshwater and the atmosphere pose a significant environmental threat, and soil degradation through intensive cultivation can result in tens of tonnes of soil being eroded each year from a hectare of land into water courses during the intensive monsoonal, spring rains. Red soil management for agriculture affects local farmers who depend on them for their livelihood, the surrounding population who need them for food, China because of dependence for national food production and globally because of the area red soils covers, their importance for food production and the large environmental footprint.Although extensive research has studied red soils, particularly related to management for agricultural sustainability, the integrated effects of various affected aspects of the critical zone, as well as the wider environmental impacts are poorly understood. In this proposal we adopt a critical zone approach, to reach beyond soil processes to encompass the atmosphere above, geology and groundwater below, surrounding freshwater and vegetation. By definition, the critical zone is the constantly evolving boundary layer at the surface of the earth where rock, soil, water, air and living organisms interact. Two essential components are essential for delivery. First, we have the major advantage of the Sunjia Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), the only international CZO in China where soil and water data have been collected since 2002. Second, we have assembled a team of Chinese and UK scientists who integrate a range of specialisations in soil science, with atmospheric, geological, hydrological and agronomical sciences. A skill gap identified amongst the Chinese partners in terrestrial environmental modelling is filled by the UK team, with training and joint positions proposed that will develop this capability in China.We build on existing Sunjia CZO monitoring by incorporating subsurface and atmospheric processes not included in the past. Further experiments in the lab and the field will allow us to explore impacts of environmental threats such as climate change, water scarcity and acid rain. We span from processes involved in weathering minerals, how these minerals interact with life to form soils, and how we can optimise these processes in soil evolution for the benefit of the environment and food security. These processes then enhance our understanding of hydrological and erosion impacts in red soils induced by different management practices. Detailed monitoring of these processes in the Sunjia CZO and other red soil areas provides data that inform our modelling of ecosystem processes. This process benefits immensely from a critical zone monitoring data-set for red soils that will span almost 20 years by the end of the project.The new science generated in this project, particularly the modelling outputs, provides valuable data for policy decisions in China about the management of red soils. We provide training to project partners in interdisciplinary science that is essential to CZO research and will benefit the research capabilities of the Chinese team. Moreover, we bring new skills to the Chinese team in terrestrial modelling. Coupled with our intended outcome of more sustainable food production from red soils, our training and government agency engagement ensures delivery of OECD Official Development Assistance from this project.

红壤覆盖了地球上人口最多的中国和印度各20%的土地，以及东南亚，非洲和南美洲的大部分发展中国家。它们在亚热带气候中形成，雨水的过度沥滤产生了贫瘠，不稳定的土壤，非常容易受到管理不善，气候变化和酸雨等污染的影响。在中国，红土养活了大约40%的人口，这是通过大量使用化肥来提高作物产量而实现的。这种耕作制度是不可持续的;进入地下水、淡水和大气的化肥对环境构成重大威胁，密集耕作造成的土壤退化每年可导致数十吨土壤在密集的季风和春雨期间从一公顷土地侵蚀到水道中。农业红壤管理影响着当地农民的生计，周围人口的粮食需求，中国的粮食生产的依赖性，以及全球范围内的红壤覆盖面积，其对粮食生产的重要性和巨大的环境足迹。虽然广泛的研究已经研究了红壤，特别是与农业可持续性管理相关的研究，人们对临界区各受影响方面的综合影响以及更广泛的环境影响知之甚少。在本提案中，我们采用了一种关键区域方法，超越土壤过程，涵盖上方的大气、下方的地质和地下水、周围的淡水和植被。根据定义，临界区是地球表面不断变化的边界层，岩石、土壤、水、空气和生物体在此相互作用。有两个基本组成部分对交付至关重要。首先，我们拥有孙家临界带观测站（CZO）的主要优势，这是中国唯一一个自2002年以来收集土壤和水数据的国际CZO。第二，我们组建了一支由中英两国科学家组成的团队，他们将土壤科学、大气科学、地质科学、水文科学和农学科学等领域的专业知识融为一体。英国团队填补了中国合作伙伴在陆地环境建模方面的技能差距，并提出了培训和联合职位，以发展中国的这一能力。我们在现有孙家CZO监测的基础上，通过纳入过去未包括的地下和大气过程。在实验室和现场的进一步实验将使我们能够探索气候变化，水资源短缺和酸雨等环境威胁的影响。我们涵盖了风化矿物所涉及的过程，这些矿物如何与生命相互作用形成土壤，以及我们如何优化土壤演变中的这些过程，以造福环境和粮食安全。这些过程，然后提高我们的理解，不同的管理措施引起的红壤水文和侵蚀的影响。对孙家CZO和其他红壤地区这些过程的详细监测提供了数据，为我们的生态系统过程建模提供了信息。这一过程极大地受益于一个关键区监测数据集的红壤，将跨越近20年的项目结束时，在这个项目中产生的新的科学，特别是模拟输出，提供了宝贵的数据，在中国的政策决策有关的红壤管理。我们为项目合作伙伴提供跨学科科学的培训，这对CZO研究至关重要，并将有利于中国团队的研究能力。此外，我们还为中国团队带来了陆地建模方面的新技能。再加上我们的预期成果，即从红壤中生产出更可持续的粮食，我们的培训和政府机构的参与确保了该项目提供经合组织官方发展援助。

项目成果

Thematic Issue on the Hydrological Effects of the Vegetation-Soil Complex

关于植被-土壤复合体的水文效应的专题

• DOI: 10.1515/johh-2016-0026
• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics
• 影响因子: 1.9
• 作者: Hallett P

Importance of short-term temporal variability in soil physical properties for soil water modelling under different tillage practices

• DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2021.105132
• 发表时间: 2021-07-08
• 期刊: SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH
• 影响因子: 6.5
• 作者: Geris, Josie;Verrot, Lucile;Hallett, Paul D.
• 通讯作者: Hallett, Paul D.

Interaction between contrasting rice genotypes and soil physical conditions induced by hydraulic stresses typical of alternate wetting and drying irrigation of soil.

水稻基因型对比与土壤物理条件之间的相互作用是由土壤干湿交替灌溉典型的水力胁迫引起的

• DOI: 10.1007/s11104-018-3715-5
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Plant and soil
• 影响因子: 4.9
• 作者: Fang H;Zhou H;Norton GJ;Price AH;Raffan AC;Mooney SJ;Peng X;Hallett PD
• 通讯作者: Hallett PD

Combining static and portable Cosmic ray neutron sensor data to assess catchment scale heterogeneity in soil water storage and their integrated role in catchment runoff response

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126659
• 发表时间: 2021-10
• 期刊: Journal of Hydrology
• 影响因子: 6.4
• 作者: Katya Dimitrova-Petrova;R. Rosolem;C. Soulsby;M. Wilkinson;A. Lilly;J. Geris

From the Critical Zone to decision support tools for China's agriculture

从关键区域到中国农业决策支持工具

• DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-21791
• 发表时间: 2020
• 作者: Hallett P