Increasing Resilience to Environmental Hazards in Border Conflict Zone

提高边境冲突地区对环境危害的抵御能力

• 批准号: NE/P016138/1
• 负责人: Peter Sammonds
• 金额: $ 21.76万
• 依托单位: University College London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FP016138%2F1
• 关键词: Increasing; Resilience; Environmental; Hazards; Border

This foundation research proposal focuses on building resilience in a frontier conflict zone subject to multiple environmental hazards. Its rationale is that resilience can be addressed through understanding the hazard risks and the heightened vulnerabilities of the people only in the context of knowledge of the history of disasters and analysis of the impact of conflict on social relations.The Hindu-Kush Himalaya region is home to over 200 million people. The mountains are the source of the major rivers of Asia which support 1.3 billion people. The landscape of the Himalaya is a result of a continuing competition between on the one hand collision of tectonic plates, which has raised the Himalaya mountains, and on the other gravity, which causes erosion. Eroded sediments are deposited by glaciers and rivers. The high rate of these processes of uplift, erosion and sedimentation creates a highly dynamic environment which causes earthquakes, landslides, floods, excess temperatures, wind and snow storm and drought. This fragile environment is subject to rapid regional climate change and affected by uneven development (including high levels of seasonal tourism). These environmental hazards impact lives, livelihoods and critical infrastructure. Within the region, Kashmir covers the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir (subdivided into Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh), the Pakistan state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the territory of Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered territory of Aksai Chin. The recent history of Kashmir is of over-lapping territorial claims of three nuclear powers, China, India and Pakistan (with the world's first, third and sixth largest armies), war and resolution (in 1947, 1962, 1965 and 1999), but with on-going internal conflict, border incursions and insurgency, which has led to communities divided across borders, militarised infrastructure and internal migration.These all have the potential to increase community vulnerability as they disrupt social relations.The project will focus on Ladakh. It was the scene of the most recent Indo-Pakistan war, the 1999 Kargil War, and has suffered cross-border infiltration from Pakistan and Afghanistan and incursions from China (e.g., across the Pangong Lake in 2014) which have intersected with internal tensions between communities. The official languages of Ladakh are Ladakhi, Tibetan, Urdu and Balti, with most Ladakhi being either Tibetan Buddhist or Shia Muslim, reflecting the mixed social and ethnic constitution of Ladakh. Population dynamics, economic growth and mass tourism are generating pressure on natural resources with migration and uncertain agricultural production modifying familial and village relationships and nomadic communities (i.e., the social capital). Ladakh experiences frequent major floods and landslides. These are locally well recognised and will help us engage with communities on multi-hazard approaches and infrequent hazard events.In a joint project between the natural, social and historical sciences we will examine the historical evolution of the landscape of the Himalaya, the drivers of hazards and the effect of human impact. We will assess the vulnerabilities and social relations of communities in Ladakh, their cross-borders links, relations with other communities and migration. We will analyse the history of disasters, in the broader Kashmir region, the cultural and political development of the region, and assess the impact of conflict on resilience and adaptation. The outcome of this project will be an understanding, in the historical context of a border conflict zone, how changing social relations increase or decrease social capital and vulnerability to environmental hazard risks. It is a key aim to build partnerships between researchers and practitioners across disciplines, across the Hindu Kush-Himalaya and with policy-makers, engineers, educators, NGOs, local communities, businesses and schools.

该基金会研究提案的重点是在遭受多种环境危害的边境冲突地区建立复原力。其理由是，只有在了解灾害历史和分析冲突对社会关系的影响的背景下，才能通过了解灾害风险和人民的高度脆弱性来提高抗灾能力。这些山脉是亚洲主要河流的源头，供养着13亿人口。喜马拉雅山的地貌是构造板块碰撞和重力之间持续竞争的结果，构造板块的碰撞抬高了喜马拉雅山，而重力则造成了侵蚀。侵蚀沉积物由冰川和河流沉积而成。这些隆起、侵蚀和沉积过程的高速率造成了一个高度动态的环境，导致地震、滑坡、洪水、高温、风和暴风雪以及干旱。这一脆弱的环境受到区域气候迅速变化的影响，并受到发展不平衡（包括季节性旅游业的高度发展）的影响。这些环境危害影响到生命、生计和关键基础设施。在该地区内，克什米尔包括印度的查谟和克什米尔邦（细分为查谟、克什米尔和拉达克）、巴基斯坦的阿扎德查谟和克什米尔邦、吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦领土和中国管辖的阿克赛钦领土。克什米尔最近的历史是中国、印度和巴基斯坦三个核大国重叠的领土主张（拥有世界第一、第三和第六大军队）、战争和决议（1947年、1962年、1965年和1999年），但由于国内冲突、边界入侵和叛乱持续不断，导致社区跨界分裂，军事化的基础设施和国内移民。这些都有可能增加社区的脆弱性，因为它们破坏了社会关系。该项目将集中在拉达克。它是最近的印巴战争，1999年卡尔吉尔战争的现场，并遭受来自巴基斯坦和阿富汗的跨境渗透和来自中国的入侵（例如，2014年在班公湖对面），这与社区之间的内部紧张局势有关。拉达克的官方语言是拉达克语、藏语、乌尔都语和巴尔蒂语，大多数拉达克语是藏传佛教或什叶派穆斯林，反映了拉达克的社会和民族结构。人口动态、经济增长和大规模旅游业对自然资源造成压力，移徙和农业生产的不确定性改变了家庭和村庄关系以及游牧社区（即，社会资本）。拉达克经常发生大洪水和山体滑坡。这些都是当地公认的，将有助于我们与社区参与多灾害方法和罕见的灾害事件。在自然，社会和历史科学之间的联合项目中，我们将研究喜马拉雅山景观的历史演变，灾害的驱动因素和人类影响的影响。我们将评估拉达克社区的脆弱性和社会关系，他们的跨境联系，与其他社区的关系和移民。我们将分析更广泛的克什米尔地区的灾害历史，该地区的文化和政治发展，并评估冲突对复原力和适应的影响。该项目的成果将是在边境冲突地区的历史背景下了解不断变化的社会关系如何增加或减少社会资本和对环境灾害风险的脆弱性。这是一个关键的目标，建立跨学科的研究人员和从业人员之间的伙伴关系，在兴都库什-喜马拉雅山脉和决策者，工程师，教育工作者，非政府组织，当地社区，企业和学校。

项目成果

Exploring community resilience and early warning solution for flash floods, debris flow and landslides in conflict prone villages of Badakhshan, Afghanistan

• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.07.012
• 发表时间: 2019-02-01
• 期刊: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Mohanty, Ashutosh;Hussain, Mujahid;Pal, Indrajit
• 通讯作者: Pal, Indrajit

Caught between Paper Plans and Kashmir Politics: Disaster Governance in Ladakh, India

夹在纸面计划和克什米尔政治之间：印度拉达克的灾害治理

• DOI: 10.17645/pag.v8i4.3143
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Politics and Governance
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Field J

Integrating disaster risk reduction in school curriculum: A vision statement by a joint working group of university and medical teachers

• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.09.011
• 发表时间: 2019-02-01
• 期刊: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Nanda, Renu;Raina, S. K.
• 通讯作者: Raina, S. K.

Disaster diplomacy in Jammu and Kashmir

查谟和克什米尔的灾难外交

• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.007
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Kelman I

Understanding historical, cultural and religious frameworks of mountain communities and disasters in Nubra valley of Ladakh

了解拉达克努布拉山谷山区社区的历史、文化和宗教框架以及灾害

• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.06.004
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Suri K