How did the evolution of plants, microbial symbionts and terrestrial nutrient cycles change Earth's long-term climate?

植物、微生物共生体和陆地养分循环的进化如何改变地球的长期气候？

• 批准号: NE/S009663/1
• 负责人: Benjamin Mills
• 金额: $ 78.72万
• 依托单位: University of Leeds
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FS009663%2F1
• 关键词: How; did; evolution; plants; microbial

The Phanerozoic Eon (the last 540 million years) encompasses the evolutionary history of land plants from the initial colonization of the land through to forests and flowering plants. Earth's climate has undergone major changes over this timeframe, but it remains uncertain whether these changes were primarily driven by revolutions in the terrestrial biosphere, or by tectonic factors such as volcanic degassing of CO2. Resolution of this question lies at the heart of our understanding of how our planet operates, but the ability to answer it has been hampered by a lack of representation of the terrestrial biosphere in our biogeochemical computer models. These 'deep-time' models need to be simple in order to compute very long timescales, and this limits the ability to include spatial features such as locations of rainfall, which are vital to terrestrial modelling. A perhaps more fundamental problem is the lack of understanding of the way that plant evolution has altered global chemical cycling through changes to carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus ratios in tissue, and what the contribution of fungal and microbial symbionts were to supplying key limiting nutrients. This project brings together expertise in computer science, geochemistry, ecology and plant-symbiont physiology to build a new deep-time spatial Earth system model, informed by a targeted suite of plant growth experiments and a robust literature review.Firstly, we will run laboratory experiments with early diverging plants and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing trees, with and without partnership with fungal and/or nitrogen-fixing symbionts in microcosms with controlled atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Introduction of isotopically-labeled carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus will allow us to capture the carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus stoichiometric ratios and nutrient acquisition pathways for diverse plant-symbiont partnerships across the plant phylogeny, filling significant gaps in current knowledge of these processes. These experiments will allow us to understand:a. Plant-symbiont carbon-nutrient "costs" and "benefits" in terms of plant-fixed carbon and symbiont-acquired nutrient gainsb. How ecological stoichiometry and nutrient acquisition pathways vary across the land plant phylogenyc. Relationships between species, symbiont and mineral weathering ratesSecond, we will develop our new Earth system model. Here we will build on the framework of the 'COPSE' model (Carbon Oxygen Phosphorus Sulphur Evolution), which is arguably the most complete predictive 'deep time' box model in the literature, and which PI Mills has had a key role in developing over the last decade. A prototype fast spatial land surface module has been developed utilizing matrices in MATLAB and in this project we will couple the spatial land surface module to COPSE. This will allow us to build a dynamical representation of the evolving terrestrial biosphere, based both on our laboratory experiments and on literature vegetation models. This model will map the flows of phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon through the terrestrial system over geological timescales. Comparison of model outputs with multiple independent geochemical proxies will allow us to explore (1) how plant evolution and the development of symbiotic partnerships feeds back on Earth's climate; (2) the key evolutionary events that occurred through time and whether they can explain prominent CO2 drawdown events, such as during the Ordovician and Cenozoic; and, (3) the relative roles of the terrestrial biosphere vs. tectonics in controlling Earth's climatic history.Beyond the immediate results, the hybrid model we create will bridge the gap between box modelling of global geochemistry and true paleoclimate general circulation modelling, providing a useful tool for the community to further extend and employ.

古生代（过去的5.4亿年）涵盖了陆地植物的进化历史，从最初的陆地殖民到森林和开花植物。地球的气候在这段时间内经历了重大变化，但仍然不确定这些变化主要是由陆地生物圈的革命还是由构造因素（如火山对二氧化碳的脱气）驱动的。这个问题的解决是我们理解地球如何运作的核心，但由于我们的地球化学计算机模型中缺乏对陆地生物圈的代表性，回答这个问题的能力受到了阻碍。这些“深时”模型需要简单，以便计算很长的时间尺度，这限制了包括降雨位置等空间特征的能力，而这些特征对陆地建模至关重要。一个可能更根本的问题是缺乏对植物进化通过改变组织中的碳-氮-磷比例来改变全球化学循环的方式的理解，以及真菌和微生物共生体对提供关键限制营养素的贡献。该项目汇集了计算机科学、地球化学、生态学和植物共生体生理学方面的专业知识，以建立一个新的深时空间地球系统模型，并通过一套有针对性的植物生长实验和可靠的文献综述提供信息。首先，我们将对早期分歧植物和共生固氮树进行实验室实验，在具有受控大气CO2浓度的微观世界中与真菌和/或固氮共生体有或没有伙伴关系。引入同位素标记的碳，氮和磷将使我们能够捕获碳-氮-磷化学计量比和营养物质获取途径，用于植物共生过程中的各种植物-共生体伙伴关系，填补了这些过程的现有知识的重大空白。这些实验将使我们了解：a.植物-共生体碳-营养“成本”和“收益”，以植物固定碳和共生体获得的营养增益b表示。生态化学计量和养分获取途径如何在陆地植物中变化。物种、共生体和矿物风化速率之间的关系第二，我们将开发新的地球系统模型。在这里，我们将建立在“COPSE”模型（碳氧磷硫演化）的框架上，该模型可以说是文献中最完整的预测性“深时间”箱模型，PI米尔斯在过去十年的发展中发挥了关键作用。利用MATLAB中的矩阵开发了一个快速空间陆面模块原型，在本项目中，我们将把空间陆面模块耦合到COPSE中。这将使我们能够建立一个动态的表示不断变化的陆地生物圈，我们的实验室实验和文献植被模型的基础上。该模型将绘制地质时间尺度上通过陆地系统的磷、氮和碳的流动。将模式输出与多个独立的地球化学代理进行比较将使我们能够探索（1）植物进化和共生伙伴关系的发展如何反馈地球气候;（2）随时间发生的关键进化事件以及它们是否可以解释突出的CO2下降事件，例如奥陶纪和新生代;以及（3）陆地生物圈与构造在控制地球气候历史中的相对作用。除了直接结果之外，我们创建的混合模型将弥合全球地球化学箱形模型和真实古气候环流模型之间的差距，为社会进一步推广和使用提供了一个有用的工具。

项目成果

The rise of angiosperms strengthened fire feedbacks and improved the regulation of atmospheric oxygen.

• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20772-2
• 发表时间: 2021-01-21
• 期刊: Nature communications
• 影响因子: 16.6
• 作者: Belcher CM;Mills BJW;Vitali R;Baker SJ;Lenton TM;Watson AJ
• 通讯作者: Watson AJ

Widespread herbivory cost in tropical nitrogen-fixing tree species

• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05502-6
• 发表时间: 2022-12-07
• 期刊: NATURE
• 影响因子: 64.8
• 作者: Barker, Will;Comita, Liza S. S.;Batterman, Sarah A. A.
• 通讯作者: Batterman, Sarah A. A.

Tradeoffs and Synergies in Tropical Forest Root Traits and Dynamics for Nutrient and Water Acquisition: Field and Modeling Advances

• DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2021.704469
• 发表时间: 2021-12
• 作者: D. Cusack;S. Addo-Danso;E. Agee;K. Andersen;M. Arnaud;S. Batterman;F. Brearley;Mark Ciochina;A. Cordeiro;C. Dallstream;Milton H. Díaz‐Toribio;Lee H. Dietterich;J. Fisher;K. Fleischer;Claire Fortunel;Lucia Fuchslueger;Nathaly R. Guerrero‐Ramírez;M. Kotowska;L. F. Lugli;C. Marín;L. A. McCulloch;J. Maeght;D. Metcalfe;R. Norby;R. Oliveira;J. Powers;Tatiana Reichert;Stuart W. Smith;Chris M. Smith‐Martin;F. Soper;Laura Toro;M. Umaña;O. Valverde‐Barrantes;M. Weemstra;Leland K. Werden;M. Wong;Cynthia L Wright;S. Wright;Daniela Yaffar

Nitrogen and phosphorus availability alters tree-grass competition intensity in savannas

氮和磷的有效性改变了稀树草原的树草竞争强度

• DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.14284
• 发表时间: 2024
• 期刊: Journal of Ecology
• 影响因子: 5.5
• 作者: Biro A

Anthropogenic-scale CO2 degassing from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province as a driver of the end-Triassic mass extinction

大西洋中部岩浆省人为规模的二氧化碳脱气是三叠纪末大规模灭绝的驱动因素

• DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103731
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Global and Planetary Change
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Capriolo M