Mobilising Citizens for Adaptation: building local flood resilience through cooperative rainwater harvesting (MOCA)

动员公民适应：通过合作性雨水收集（MOCA）建设当地抗洪能力探讨了雨水收集是否以及如何减少洪水风险。它将通过对英格兰赫尔市周围易受洪水影响地区的案例研究来做到这一点。雨水收集是将雨水收集在雨桶、水箱或池塘中，并将其用于冲洗厕所等其他目的的过程。雨水收集是解决干旱的一种常用手段，特别是在长期缺水的国家。然而，如果附近的许多物业进行雨水收集，这也可能是防止洪水的有效手段。在我们的房子建成之前，落在我们土地上的雨水会渗入地面，或者形成水坑，然后蒸发。现在我们的屋顶和排水沟意味着大雨很快就会流入下水道。有时，下水道不够大，无法容纳所有的雨水。如果我们能减少道路上的雨水和/或防止雨水进入下水道（或至少放慢速度），那么我们可能能够防止雨水或下水道淹没房屋，下水道污染河流。许多英国家庭拥有并使用“简单”的水头，通常在夏天使用收集的雨水为花园浇水。为了防止洪水泛滥，雨水开始时需要备用容量。这不能保证手动排水，特别是在冬天，当花园不需要浇水。为了解决这个问题，已经开发出了“智能”选项，例如，有些是缓慢排水的，而有些是计算机控制的，可以在预报降雨之前释放储存的水。但这就产生了一个潜在的困难：如果我们要求家庭和社区接受雨水罐，如果“他们的”水箱里的水未经他们同意就被释放，他们会有什么感受？这个关于“如何控制水”的问题只是许多可能涉及家庭的问题之一，这些家庭可能会被要求采用雨水收集罐，以帮助保护城市中的其他人免受洪水的影响。家庭也可能关心雨水罐的外观，它应该在哪里，谁来支付它，如果它出了问题会发生什么。在这个项目中，我们将与赫尔附近两个不同地区的居民和社区团体合作——一个较富裕，一个较贫穷——但这两个地区都有下游洪水问题。我们会与住户和社区团体探讨是否、在何处以及如何在他们的社区储存雨水，以防止下游的洪水泛滥。在询问“是否”和“在哪里”时，我们会考虑是否有空间在他们的社区建筑附近、他们的开放空间或他们的家中放置坦克或建造池塘。在询问“如何”时，我们将探索什么样的池塘或水箱，什么样的外观，以什么样的成本，在谁的控制下。我们将把我们的发现报告给自来水公司和当地政府。如果我们发现雨水收集在案例研究的子集水区是可行的，水务公司和地方当局已经同意继续按照我们的计划安装设备。无论雨水收集在这些特定的子集水区是否可行，我们的研究结果将有助于了解何时以及如何将雨水收集用于防洪以适应人们的日常生活。

Mobilising Citizens for Adaptation: building local flood resilience through cooperative rainwater harvesting (MOCA) explores whether and how rainwater harvesting could work to reduce flood risk. It will do this through case studies in a flood vulnerable part of England around the city of Hull. Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting rain, in a rain butt, tank or pond and using it for another purpose like flushing the loo. Rainwater harvesting is a popular means of addressing drought, particularly in countries with chronic issues of water shortage. If many nearby properties undertake rainwater harvesting, however, it could also be an effective means of preventing floods. Before our homes were built the rain that falls on our property would have soaked into the ground, or puddled and then evaporated. Now our roofs and drains mean that heavy rain flows very rapidly into the sewer. Sometimes the sewer is not big enough to cope with all the rain. If we can reduce the amount of rain on the roads and/or keep rain out of the sewer (or at least slow it down) then we might be able to prevent rain or sewers flooding homes, and sewers polluting rivers. Many UK householders own and operate 'simple' water butts, typically using collected rainwater for garden watering during summer. For a water butt to help prevent flooding, spare capacity is needed at the start of the rain. This cannot be guaranteed for a manually-emptied water butt, particularly in winter, when gardens do not need watering. 'Smart' options have been developed to address this, for example, some discharge water slowly, while some are computer controlled and release stored water ahead of forecast rain. But this creates a potential difficulty: if we are asking households and communities to take on rainwater tanks, how are they going to feel if the water in 'their' tank is released without their say-so? This question concerning 'how will the water be controlled' is just one of many issues that might concern households who could be asked to take on a rainwater harvesting tank to help protect other people in their city from flooding. Households are also likely to be concerned about the appearance of a rainwater tank, where it would be, who would pay for it, and what would happen if it went wrong. In this project we are going to work with the residents and community groups in two different areas near Hull - one richer and one poorer - but both in locations which contribute to downstream flooding problems. We will talk with households and community groups to explore whether, where and how rainwater could be stored in their neighbourhood to help prevent flooding downstream. In asking 'whether' and 'where' we would be considering whether there is space to put tanks or build ponds near their community buildings, in their open spaces or in their homes. In asking 'how' we would be exploring what sort of ponds or tanks, of what appearance, to whose cost, and under whose control. We will report our findings to the water company and local authority. If we find rainwater harvesting is feasible in the case study sub-catchments, the water company and local authority have agreed to go ahead and fit the devices according to our plan. Whether or not rainwater harvesting turns out to be feasible in these particular sub-catchments, our findings will contribute knowledge about when and how rainwater harvesting for flood prevention can fit in with people's everyday lives.