Mobile integrated greenhouse gas assessment system (MIGGAS): targetting Net Zero.

这项提议是为了建立一个移动综合温室气体评估系统(MIGGAS)，以定位和同位素识别温室气体源，并计算排放通量。MIGGAS将能够部署在移动的车辆上，绘制城市和农村的排放地图，或者作为实地战役中的静态设施。如果这一请求得到批准，该大学承诺将资助开发一种技术先进的高精度中红外无人机传感器，直接与MIGGAS一起运行。在承诺到2050年实现净零碳排放方面，英国是全球领先者。这需要进行深远的改变，以确定和减少所有主要温室气体的排放，并将其从大气中消除。虽然重点通常是二氧化碳，但工业、家庭天然气使用、下水道和垃圾填埋场的甲烷排放也需要大幅减少。此外，二氧化碳和甲烷的预算都需要随着地貌的变化而进行衡量，无论是通过恢复泥炭地、增加森林覆盖率还是改变农业用地用途以种植生物燃料。这些变化的终生温室气体预算知之甚少，迫切需要量化。排放通量可以通过涡旋协方差或移动仪器来绘制排放图和模拟羽流来量化。MIGGAS将两者兼而有之。该仪器将用于短时间的现场部署，与3D声波风速计耦合的甲烷和二氧化碳的高频(10赫兹)测量允许使用涡流协方差来计算通量。它还可以部署在移动平台(汽车或船只)上进行排放地图绘制。便携式甲烷和二氧化碳分析仪可以精确定位排放的准确位置，并可以连接到试验室进行非常本地的实时排放通量计算。RHUL团队在高精度测量现场采集并在实验室分析的空气样本中的甲烷同位素比率方面非常有经验。增加了在野外进行同位素测量的能力，从而实现了实时来源解析，有力地促进了特定来源的识别，例如，在垃圾填埋场、气体泄漏和动物畜舍紧密并列的地方。与该提案相关的是该学院令人兴奋的承诺，即提供资金，开发使用中红外光学技术的非常先进的无人机安装移动传感系统，该系统将提供比目前可用的传感器高得多的精度。这将创建一个世界上最好的温室气体排放定位、识别和量化综合系统。甲烷尤其鲜为人知，来自自然和人为来源的通量具有很大的不确定性。在全球范围内，自2007年以来甲烷的上升威胁到《巴黎协定》(例如，Nisbet等人，2019年，GBC)。排放亟需削减。不同的来源通常位于同一地点(例如，牛饲养场旁边的页岩气开采)，但可以通过同位素组成和乙烷/甲烷比率的差异进行识别，从而能够准确地进行来源分配。这些仪器将主要在英国使用，因为英国正在寻求“净零”，但MIGGAS也将部署到海外进行实地作战，与欧洲、澳大利亚、香港和科威特的亲密同事一起。要讨论的主题包括：1)更好地了解英国不断变化的排放--垃圾填埋场甲烷排放量减少了多少，快速增长的沼气工厂的甲烷排放量有多大？2)新的可持续森林或生物能源作物领域的甲烷和二氧化碳平衡是什么，4)这如何取决于土壤和植物类型？5)在气候变暖的情况下，水体和泥炭的天然甲烷排放是如何变化的？最终，我们解决了一个大问题--英国和世界如何实现净零碳排放，并将全球变暖控制在1.5摄氏度以下？

This proposal is for a mobile integrated greenhouse gas assessment system (MIGGAS), to locate and isotopically identify greenhouse gas sources, and calculate emission fluxes. MIGGAS will be capable of deployment either on a moving vehicle, to map urban and rural emissions, or as a static installation in field campaigns. Should the request be granted, the university promises funding to develop a technically advanced high precision mid-infrared drone-mounted sensor, to operate directly with MIGGAS.The UK is the global leader in committing for net zero carbon emissions by 2050. This demands far-reaching change to locate and reduce emissions of all major greenhouse gases and to remove them from the atmosphere. While focus is usually on carbon dioxide, methane emissions from industry, domestic gas use, sewers and landfills will also need to be drastically cut. Moreover, both CO2 and CH4 budgets will need measurement as the landscape changes, be it through restoration of peatland, increase in forest cover or change in agricultural land-use to growing biofuels. Whole-life greenhouse gas budgets of these changes are poorly known and urgently need to be quantified.Emission fluxes can be quantified by either eddy covariance or with mobile instrumentation to map emissions and model plumes. MIGGAS will do both. The instrumentation will be field deployable for short campaigns and the high frequency (10 Hz) measurements of methane and carbon dioxide coupled to a 3D sonic anemometer allows eddy covariance to be used to calculate fluxes. It is also deployable on mobile platforms (car or boat) for emission mapping. A portable methane and CO2 analyser can pinpoint exact locations of emissions and can be connected to a chamber for very local real time emission flux calculations. The RHUL team are very experienced in high precision measurements of methane isotopic ratios in air samples collected in the field and then analysed in the lab. Adding ability to carry out isotopic measurements in the field allows real time source apportionment, powerfully advancing specific source identification, for example where landfills, gas leaks and animal barns are closely juxtaposed. Linked to the proposal is the college's exciting promise of providing funds to develop a very advanced drone-mounted mobile sensing system using mid-infrared optics that will deliver much higher-precision than currently available sensors. This will create a world-best integrated system for locating, identifying and quantifying greenhouse gas emissions.Methane is particularly poorly known, with large uncertainties in fluxes from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Globally, methane's rise since 2007 threatens the Paris Agreement (e.g. Nisbet et al., 2019, GBC). Emissions urgently need to be cut. Different sources are often co-located (e.g. shale gas extraction next to cattle feedlots) but identifiable via differences in isotopic composition and ethane:methane ratio, allowing accurate source apportionment. The instruments will be primarily used in the UK as the nation seeks "Net Zero", but MIGGAS will also be deployable overseas for field campaigns, with close colleagues in Europe, Australia, Hong Kong and Kuwait. Topics to be addressed include: 1) better understanding of changing emissions in the UK - how much are landfill methane emissions declining and how large are methane emissions from rapidly growing numbers of biogas plants? 2) What are the methane and CO2 balances of new sustainable forests, or 3) fields of bioenergy crop, and 4) how does this depend on soil and plant type? 5) How are natural methane emissions from water bodies and peats changing in a warming climate? Ultimately we address the big question - how can the UK, and the world, achieve net zero carbon emissions and keep warming below 1.5 degrees C?