The Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics: National Capability Science Programme April 2019 - March 2021

地震、火山和构造观测与模拟中心：国家能力科学计划 2019 年 4 月 - 2021 年 3 月

• 批准号: NE/T009462/1
• 负责人: Timothy Wright
• 金额: $ 121.05万
• 依托单位: University of Leeds
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FT009462%2F1
• 关键词: Centre; Observation; Modelling; Earthquakes; Volcanoes

COMET delivers Earth Observation (EO) research that helps us to understand volcanic and tectonic processes and hazards. We use a combination of EO data, ground-based measurements, and geophysical models focusing on three key areas:- Earth Observation Data and Services;- Tectonics and Seismic Hazard; and - Magmatism and Volcanic Hazard.These activities support world-leading research within COMET and in the wider community, as well as helping society to respond to natural disasters.Our research is long-term because developing successful EO methods can take decades, whilst we observe natural phenomena whose durations outlast single research grants. For example, our 20+ years of research using and developing satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) for measuring ground deformation has enabled us to develop a real-timeservice delivering deformation data to the scientific community. By combining this data with our expertise, during a seismic or volcanic crisis, we can provide reliable, rapid advice to government, the scientific community, and local partners. This collaborative work also leads to new insights into earthquake or volcanic processes, and helps us to develop hte next generation of technologies, datasets and services. Our long-term collaborations with partners across the globe worldwide also make us uniquely placed to develop partnerships with and between developing nations (many on the DAC list) that help to identify and address natural hazard. Damaging earthquakes strike suddenly and without warning, but their spatial distribution is not random. To make progress in reducing the impact of earthquakes, we need to understand the distribution of seismic hazard in space and time. This has often relied on catalogues of previous earthquakes, but this approach is inaccurate in regions, including much of the continental tectonic belts, where earthquakes are infrequent.COMET scientists instead use crustal strain measurements to indicate future earthquake hazard. Over tens of years, measurements of the subtle warping of Earth's surface around faults can be used to the estimate rates at which stresses are accumulating. On a longer timescale, fault movements modify the landscape - geomorphology combined with field studies and Quaternary dating can be used to estimate rates of tectonic activity, even for faults that are too slow to be identified by satellite measurements. COMET's interdisciplinary approach is improving these measurements by using higher-resolution, more accurate measurements of short-term strain rates from satellites, improved surface elevation data for geomorphology, field studies in key areas, and improved physical models that link these observations to past and future seismic hazard.In contrast to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions often enter periods of unrest that may or may not result in eruption. However, with >1400 volcanoes above sea level, manyin developing countries or remote regions, global ground-based monitoring is not feasible and at the moment only 20% of these volcanoes are monitored adequately. But ever- increasing quantities of satellite data are providing new insights into volcanic and magmatic systems, and COMET has developed the capability to observe volcanic deformation and degassing on global scales at regular short intervals using satellite data, alongside tools for modelling deformation, combining a range of techniques.Further work is required on automatic production of our key data sets and on developing response protocols in collaboration with key national and international partners. However, our record of providing rapid advice to UK and overseas authorities and decision makers, and our influence on long-term hazard strategies, for example in Iran, Kazakhstan and Ethiopia, highlight the impact of our work in this area and represents a considerable reputational benefit to UK science.

彗星提供地球观测（EO）研究，帮助我们了解火山和构造过程和危害。我们将EO数据、地面测量和地球物理模型结合使用，重点关注三个关键领域：地球观测数据和服务；-构造和地震危险；岩浆活动和火山灾害。这些活动支持COMET内部和更广泛社区的世界领先研究，以及帮助社会应对自然灾害。我们的研究是长期的，因为开发成功的EO方法可能需要几十年的时间，而我们观察的自然现象的持续时间比单个研究经费的持续时间还要长。例如，我们20多年来使用和开发用于测量地面变形的卫星雷达干涉测量法（InSAR）的研究使我们能够开发一种实时服务，向科学界提供变形数据。通过将这些数据与我们的专业知识相结合，在地震或火山危机期间，我们可以向政府、科学界和当地合作伙伴提供可靠、快速的建议。这项合作工作还能带来对地震或火山过程的新见解，并帮助我们开发下一代技术、数据集和服务。我们与全球合作伙伴的长期合作也使我们处于独特的地位，可以与发展中国家（许多在发展援助委员会名单上）建立伙伴关系，帮助识别和应对自然灾害。破坏性地震突然发生，没有预警，但它们的空间分布不是随机的。为了在减少地震影响方面取得进展，我们需要了解地震灾害在空间和时间上的分布。这通常依赖于以前地震的目录，但是这种方法在地震不频繁的地区是不准确的，包括许多大陆构造带。彗星科学家转而使用地壳应变测量来预测未来的地震危险。几十年来，对地球表面围绕断层的细微弯曲的测量可以用来估计应力积累的速度。在更长的时间尺度上，断层运动改变了景观——地貌学结合实地研究和第四纪测年可以用来估计构造活动的速率，即使对于那些速度太慢而无法通过卫星测量确定的断层也是如此。COMET的跨学科方法正在通过使用更高分辨率、更精确的卫星短期应变率测量、改进的地表高程地貌数据、关键地区的实地研究以及改进的将这些观测结果与过去和未来地震危险联系起来的物理模型来改进这些测量方法。与地震相反，火山爆发经常进入动荡时期，可能会也可能不会导致喷发。然而，由于海平面以上的火山多达1400座，而且分布在许多发展中国家或偏远地区，因此全球地面监测是不可行的，目前只有20%的火山得到了充分的监测。但是，越来越多的卫星数据为火山和岩浆系统提供了新的见解，COMET已经发展了利用卫星数据在全球范围内定期短时间间隔观察火山变形和脱气的能力，以及建模变形的工具，结合了一系列技术。在自动生成关键数据集以及与主要国家和国际伙伴合作制定应对方案方面，需要进一步开展工作。然而，我们为英国和海外当局和决策者提供快速建议的记录，以及我们对长期危害战略的影响，例如在伊朗、哈萨克斯坦和埃塞俄比亚，突出了我们在这一领域的工作的影响，并代表了英国科学的相当大的声誉利益。

项目成果

Earthquake surface ruptures on the altiplano and geomorphological evidence of normal faulting in the December 2016 (Mw 6.1) Parina earthquake, Peru

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103098
• 发表时间: 2021-03-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF SOUTH AMERICAN EARTH SCIENCES
• 影响因子: 1.8
• 作者: Aguirre, Enoch;Benavente, Carlos;Palomino, Anderson
• 通讯作者: Palomino, Anderson

Magmatic Processes in the East African Rift System: Insights From a 2015-2020 Sentinel-1 InSAR Survey

• DOI: 10.1029/2020gc009488
• 发表时间: 2021-03-01
• 期刊: GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS
• 影响因子: 3.5
• 作者: Albino, F.;Biggs, J.
• 通讯作者: Biggs, J.

Automated Methods for Detecting Volcanic Deformation Using Sentinel-1 InSAR Time Series Illustrated by the 2017-2018 Unrest at Agung, Indonesia

• DOI: 10.1029/2019jb017908
• 发表时间: 2020-02-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Albino, F.;Biggs, J.;Li, Z.
• 通讯作者: Li, Z.

Using TanDEM-X to measure pyroclastic flow source location, thickness and volume: Application to the 3rd June 2018 eruption of Fuego volcano, Guatemala

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.107063
• 发表时间: 2020-11-15
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: Albino, F.;Biggs, J.;Marroquin, G. A. Chigna
• 通讯作者: Marroquin, G. A. Chigna

Going to Any Lengths: Solving for Fault Size and Fractal Slip for the 2016, M w 6.2 Central Tottori Earthquake, Japan, Using a Transdimensional Inversion Scheme

不遗余力：使用跨维反演方案求解 2016 年日本鸟取县中部 M w 6.2 地震的断层大小和分形滑移

• DOI: 10.1029/2018jb016434
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Solid Earth
• 影响因子: 3.4
• 作者: Amey R